Global InformationSulfoglycolysis information
Sulfoglycolysis is a catabolic process in primary metabolism in which sulfoquinovose (6-deoxy-6-sulfonato-glucose) is metabolized to produce energy and carbon-building blocks.[1][2] Sulfoglycolysis pathways occur in a wide variety of organisms, and enable key steps in the degradation of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), a sulfolipid found in plants and cyanobacteria into sulfite and sulfate. Sulfoglycolysis converts sulfoquinovose (C6H12O8S−) into various smaller metabolizable carbon fragments such as pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate that enter central metabolism. The free energy is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). Unlike glycolysis, which allows metabolism of all carbons in glucose, sulfoglycolysis pathways convert only a fraction of the carbon content of sulfoquinovose into smaller metabolizable fragments; the remainder is excreted as C3-sulfonates 2,3-dihydroxypropanesulfonate (DHPS) or sulfolactate (SL); or C2-sulfonates isethionate or sulfoacetate.
Several sulfoglycolytic pathways are known:
- The sulfoglycolytic Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (sulfo-EMP) pathway, first identified in Escherichia coli, involves the degradation of sulfoquinovose to 2,3-dihydroxypropanesulfonate (DHPS),[3] and shares similarity with the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas glycolysis pathway. This pathway leads to the production of the C3 intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
- The sulfoglycolytic Entner-Doudoroff (sulfo-ED) pathway, first identified in Pseudomonas putida SQ1, involves the degradation of sulfoquinovose to sulfolactate,[4] and shares similarity to the Entner-Doudoroff pathway of glycolysis. This pathway leads to the production of the C3 intermediate pyruvate.
- The sulfofructose transaldolase pathway, first identified in Bacillus aryabhattai [5] and Bacillus megaterium,[6] involves isomerization of SQ to sulfofructose, and then a transaldolase cleaves SF to 3-sulfolactaldehyde (SLA), while the non-sulfonated C3-(glycerone)-moiety is transferred to an acceptor molecule, glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP), yielding fructose-6-phosphate (F6P). The SLA released can either be oxidized (to sulfolactate) or reduced (to dihydroxypropanesulfonate) and then excreted.
- The sulfoglycolytic transketolase (sulfo-TL) pathway was first identified in Clostridium sp. MSTE9.[7] It involves isomerization of SQ to sulfofructose, and then a transketolase cleaves SF to 4-sulfoerythrose (SE), while the C2-moiety is transferred to an acceptor molecule, glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP), yielding xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu5P). 4-Sulfoerythrose is isomerized to 4-sulfoerythrulose (SEu), whereupon a second round of transketolase catalyzed reaction cleaves SE to sulfoacetaldehyde, while the non-sulfonated C2-moiety is transferred to an acceptor molecule, glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP), yielding a second molecule of xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu5P). Finally, the sulfoacetaldehyde is reduced to isethionate and excreted.
Additionally, there are sulfoquinovose 'sulfolytic' pathways that allow degradation of sulfoquinovose through cleavage of the C-S bond. These include:
- The sulfoglycolytic sulfoquinovose monooxygenase (sulfo-SMO) pathway, first identified in Agrobacterium tumerfaciens [8] and Novosphingobium aromaticivorans,[9] involves the degradation of sulfoquinovose to glucose and sulfite. Glucose formed in this pathway enters glycolysis.
- The sulfoglycolytic sulfoquinovose dioxygenase (sulfo-SMO) pathway.
In all pathways, energy is formed by breakdown of the carbon-rich fragments in later stages through the 'pay-off' phase of glycolysis through substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP and NADH.
- ^ Snow, Alexander J. D.; Burchill, Laura; Sharma, Mahima; Davies, Gideon J.; Williams, Spencer J. (2021). "Sulfoglycolysis: catabolic pathways for metabolism of sulfoquinovose" (PDF). Chemical Society Reviews. 50 (24): 13628–13645. doi:10.1039/D1CS00846C. PMID 34816844. S2CID 244529993.
- ^ Goddard-Borger ED, Williams SJ (February 2017). "Sulfoquinovose in the biosphere: occurrence, metabolism and functions". The Biochemical Journal. 474 (5): 827–849. doi:10.1042/BCJ20160508. PMID 28219973.
- ^ Denger K, Weiss M, Felux AK, Schneider A, Mayer C, Spiteller D, Huhn T, Cook AM, Schleheck D (March 2014). "Sulphoglycolysis in Escherichia coli K-12 closes a gap in the biogeochemical sulphur cycle". Nature. 507 (7490): 114–7. Bibcode:2014Natur.507..114D. doi:10.1038/nature12947. PMID 24463506. S2CID 192202.
- ^ Felux AK, Spiteller D, Klebensberger J, Schleheck D (August 2015). "Entner-Doudoroff pathway for sulfoquinovose degradation in Pseudomonas putida SQ1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (31): E4298–305. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112E4298F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1507049112. PMC 4534283. PMID 26195800.
- ^ Frommeyer, B; Fiedler, AW; Oehler, SR; Hanson, BT; Loy, A; Franchini, P; Spiteller, D; Schleheck, D (28 August 2020). "Environmental and Intestinal Phylum Firmicutes Bacteria Metabolize the Plant Sugar Sulfoquinovose via a 6-Deoxy-6-sulfofructose Transaldolase Pathway". iScience. 23 (9): 101510. Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1510F. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101510. PMC 7491151. PMID 32919372.
- ^ Liu, Y; Wei, Y; Zhou, Y; Ang, EL; Zhao, H; Zhang, Y (17 December 2020). "A transaldolase-dependent sulfoglycolysis pathway in Bacillus megaterium DSM 1804". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 533 (4): 1109–1114. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.124. PMID 33036753. S2CID 222256562.
- ^ Liu, Jiayi; Wei, Yifeng; Ma, Kailiang; An, Junwei; Liu, Xumei; Liu, Yinbo; Ang, Ee Lui; Zhao, Huimin; Zhang, Yan (17 December 2021). "Mechanistically Diverse Pathways for Sulfoquinovose Degradation in Bacteria". ACS Catalysis. 11 (24): 14740–14750. doi:10.1021/acscatal.1c04321. S2CID 244555707.
- ^ Sharma, M; Lingford, JP; Petricevic, M; Snow, AJD; Zhang, Y; Järvå, MA; Mui, JW; Scott, NE; Saunders, EC; Mao, R; Epa, R; da Silva, BM; Pires, DEV; Ascher, DB; McConville, MJ; Davies, GJ; Williams, SJ; Goddard-Borger, ED (25 January 2022). "Oxidative desulfurization pathway for complete catabolism of sulfoquinovose by bacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119 (4): e2116022119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11916022S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2116022119. PMC 8795539. PMID 35074914.
- ^ Liu, Jiayi; Wei, Yifeng; Ma, Kailiang; An, Junwei; Liu, Xumei; Liu, Yinbo; Ang, Ee Lui; Zhao, Huimin; Zhang, Yan (17 December 2021). "Mechanistically Diverse Pathways for Sulfoquinovose Degradation in Bacteria". ACS Catalysis. 11 (24): 14740–14750. doi:10.1021/acscatal.1c04321. S2CID 244555707.