Hole or depression left on the surface over the site of an underground explosion
Post-shot subsidence crater and Huron King test chamber, which was less than 20 kilotons (1980)
A subsidence crater is a hole or depression left on the surface of an area which has had an underground (usually nuclear) explosion. Many such craters are commonly present at bomb testing areas; one notable example is the Nevada Test Site, which was historically used for nuclear weapons testing over a period of 41 years.
Subsidence craters are created as the roof of the cavity caused by the explosion collapses. This causes the surface to depress into a sink (which subsidence craters are sometimes called; see sink hole). It is possible for further collapse to occur from the sink into the explosion chamber. When this collapse reaches the surface, and the chamber is exposed atmospherically to the surface, it is referred to as a chimney.
It is at the point that a chimney is formed through which radioactive fallout may reach the surface. At the Nevada Test Site, depths of 100 to 500 meters (330 to 1,640 ft) were used for tests.
Rubble mound (retarc) formed by the Whetstone Sulky explosion.
When the material above the explosion is solid rock, then a mound may be formed by broken rock that has a greater volume. This type of mound has been called "retarc", "crater" spelled backwards.[1]
When a drilling oil well encounters high-pressured gas which cannot be contained either by the weight of the drilling mud or by blow-out preventers, the resulting violent eruption can create a large crater which can swallow a drilling rig. This phenomenon is called "cratering" in oil field slang. An example is the Darvaza gas crater near Darvaza, Turkmenistan.[2]
^Sublette, Carey. "The Effects of Underground Explosions". Nuclear Weapon Archive. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
^Kressmann, Jeremy (2008-03-25). "Turkmenistan's "Door to Hell"". Gadling.com. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
subsidencecrater is a hole or depression left on the surface of an area which has had an underground (usually nuclear) explosion. Many such craters are...
will yield craters of different shapes, sizes, and other characteristics. A pit crater (also called a subsidencecrater or collapse crater) is a depression...
rubble chimney. If this chimney reaches the surface, a bowl-shaped subsidencecrater may form. The first underground test took place in 1951. Further tests...
relatively easy drilling of test holes. Hundreds of subsidencecraters dot the desert floor. A crater could develop when an underground nuclear explosion...
A pit crater (also called a subsidencecrater or collapse crater) is a depression formed by a sinking or collapse of the surface lying above a void or...
to be caused by subsidence of bolide-weakened lithostratigraphy around the impact crater wall. More recent evidence suggests the crater is 300 km (190 mi)...
Crater Lake (Klamath: Giiwas) is a volcanic crater lake in south-central Oregon in the Western United States. It is the main feature of Crater Lake National...
composition of the medium in which it is detonated, and generally creates a subsidencecrater. In 1976, the United States and the USSR agreed to limit the maximum...
in the case of a less deep underground explosion, this produces a subsidencecrater. Detonations underwater but near the surface produce a pillar of water...
the subsidence model and the antecedent karst model, have been used to explain the development of atolls. According to Charles Darwin's subsidence model...
typical of intermediate and felsic lavas. A caldera, which is a large subsidencecrater, can form in a stratovolcano, if the magma chamber is partially or...
usually formed: the initial crater, a crushed aggregate surrounding the crater, and "scabbing" on the surface opposite the crater. Scabbing, also known as...
Novaya Zemlya Test Site in Russia, and Mount Mantap in North Korea. Subsidencecrater The Matochkin Shar site 73°23′N 54°24′E / 73.39°N 54.40°E / 73...
fire and no other means of extinguishing the flames are available. Subsidencecrater The Geochemist's Workbench Long-term survival Aeroponics agriculture...
enlarged openings forming a small depression at the ground surface. Cover-subsidence sinkholes form where voids in the underlying limestone allow more settling...
to 1,021, of which 921 were underground.) The site contains many subsidencecraters from the testing. The site was the United States' primary location...
(15 m) into the air". A "surface collapse feature", also known as a subsidencecrater, was formed by material collapsing into the cavity formed by the explosion...
Although sometimes described as a crater, the feature is actually a type of sinkhole, as it is formed through subsidence and collapse rather than an explosion...
[citation needed] The Yucca Flat section of the NTS is covered with subsidencecraters resulting from the collapse of terrain over radioactive caverns created...
urban forest situated within the town of Nakuru in Kenya. The Menengai Crater is within the forest. It was gazetted as a forest in the 1930s. It is surrounded...
or athletes Street – Public thoroughfare in a built environment Subsidencecrater – Hole or depression left on the surface over the site of an underground...
and though most thought the worst had been seen, the full extent of the subsidence could only be guessed at and no one yet knew when rails might start to...
tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested...
their samples were dragged out of the tower on a sled, before the subsidencecrater formed and destroyed the tower. The US, France and Great Britain have...
surface as subsidence. Unfortunately, much of the subsidence from groundwater extraction is permanent (elastic rebound is small). Thus, the subsidence is not...
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