An Ordovician strophomenid with encrusting inarticulate brachiopods (the craniid Philhedra) and a bryozoan.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Brachiopoda
Class:
†Strophomenata
Order:
†Strophomenida Opik, 1934
Strophomenida is an extinct order of articulate brachiopods which lived from the lower Ordovician period to the mid Carboniferous period.[1] Strophomenida is part of the extinct class Strophomenata, and was the largest known order of brachiopods, encompassing over 400 genera[citation needed]. Some of the largest and heaviest known brachiopod species belong to this class. Strophomenids were among the most diverse and abundant brachiopods during the Ordovician, but their diversity was strongly impacted at the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Survivors rediversified into new morphologies in the Silurian,[2] only to be impacted once again at the Late Devonian mass extinction. However, they still survived till the mid Carboniferous.[1]
Adult strophomenids lack an opening for the pedicle (stalk), so in life, they either lay free or cemented the ventral valve (lower shell) onto a firm substrate at the umbo (hinge). In juveniles, a tiny hole for the pedicle was present on the ventral valve near the umbo, but this is closed up through development. The dorsal valve was typically concave or flat, though occasionally it was convex; the ventral valve was always convex. The hinge line at the rear of the shell was quite wide and strophic in shape, meaning that it was nearly straight. Many strophomenid shells are wider than long. The interior of the valves have a distinctive pseudopunctate microtexture: deflections in the mineralized shell layers stack up and unfurl into tiny bumps, which are usually supported by calcite rods known as a taleolae.[3]
^ abCarlson, Sandra J. (2016). "The Evolution of Brachiopoda". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 44: 409–438. Bibcode:2016AREPS..44..409C. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012348.
^Sclafani, Judith A.; Congreve, Curtis R.; Krug, Andrew Z.; Patzkowsky, Mark E. (2018-08-31). "Effects of mass extinction and recovery dynamics on long-term evolutionary trends: a morphological study of Strophomenida (Brachiopoda) across the Late Ordovician mass extinction". Paleobiology. 44 (4): 603–619. Bibcode:2018Pbio...44..603S. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.24. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 92364910.
^Williams, Alwyn; Brunton, C.H.C.; Carlson, S.J.; et al. (1997–2007). Kaesler, Roger L.; Selden, Paul (eds.). Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Boulder, Colorado; Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America; University of Kansas.
Strophomenida is an extinct order of articulate brachiopods which lived from the lower Ordovician period to the mid Carboniferous period. Strophomenida...
resembling that of Kutorginides. Believed to be sister to Strophomenides, = Strophomenida + Billinsellida + Productida. Includes the Chileids (e.g. Coolinia)...
Strophomena is a genus of brachiopods belonging to the order Strophomenida family Strophomenidae, named by Rafinesque in 1824. They were stationary epifaunal...
(Hirnantian) Whittaker Formation Canada ( Northwest Territories) A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Strophomenidae. Kulumbella heimdali Sp. nov...
Order †Kutorginida Class †Strophomenata Order †Billingsellida Order †Strophomenida Order †Productida Order †Orthotetida Class Rhynchonellata Order Rhynchonellida...
Orthida, Pentamerida, Rhynchonellida, Spiriferida, Terebratulida, and Strophomenida. The revised edition of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology divided...
extinction. Some early rhynchonelliform groups, such as the Orthida and Strophomenida, declined significantly. Others, including the Pentamerida, Athyridida...
classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Strophomenata Order: Strophomenida Genus: Chonetes Fischer de Waldheim 1830 Species See text...
Though not particularly diverse or abundant relative to strophomenides (Strophomenida) or productides (Productida), orthotetides were nevertheless the longest-lasting...
December 2021. Rubel, M. (2011). "Silurian brachiopods Dictyonellida, Strophomenida, Productida, Orthotetida, Protorthida and Orthida from Estonia". Fossilia...
Strophomenoidea is an extinct superfamily of prehistoric brachiopods in the order Strophomenida. - after Williams, Alwyn; Brunton, C.H.C.; Carlson, S.J.; et al. (1997–2007)...
Ordovician (Darriwilian) Los Azules Formation Argentina A member of Strophomenida belonging to the superfamily Plectambonitoidea and the family Taffidae;...
Blodgett Late Ordovician Farewell Terrane United States A member of Strophomenida belonging to the group Plectambonitoidea and the family Sowerbyellidae...
1977. Devonian stratigraphy and brachiopod paleontology of Bolivia. part A: Orthida and Strophomenida. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 155(5-6):133-192...
Class Strophomenata [†] [!] (so-called petrified butterflies) Order Strophomenida [†] [!] (strophomenid brachs) Order Productida [†] [!] (spiny or productid...
Pour Ordovician (Darriwilian) Lashkarak Formation Iran A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Sowerbyellidae. Apatobolus anoskelidion Sp....
A. A. Madison (2013). "New brachiopod subfamily Anechophragmiinae (Strophomenida) from the Ordovician of the Leningrad Region". Paleontological Journal...
Madison (2017). "To the revision of the Upper Ordovician Bilobia Cooper (Strophomenida, Brachiopoda)". Paleontological Journal. 51 (4): 368–373. doi:10...
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