Treatment of an injury in a life guard tower, with hot water
Specialty
Emergency medicine
Deaths
Steve Irwin
A stingray injury is caused by the venomous tail spines, stingers or dermal denticles of rays in the order Myliobatiformes, most significantly those belonging to the families Dasyatidae, Urotrygonidae, Urolophidae, and Potamotrygonidae. Stingrays generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves. When threatened, their primary reaction is to swim away. However, when attacked by predators or stepped on, the stinger in their tail is whipped up. This is normally ineffective against sharks, their main predator.[1][unreliable source?]
Depending on the size of the stingray, humans are usually stung in the lower limb region.[2] Stings usually occur when swimmers or divers accidentally step on a stingray,[3] but a human is less likely to be stung by simply brushing against the stinger. Those who enter waters with large populations of stingrays are advised to slide their feet through the sand rather than taking normal steps, as the rays detect the vibrations in the sand and swim away.[4][5]
There are reports of stingers breaking off in wounds, but this may be rare.[weasel words][6] This would not be fatal to the stingray as it will be regrown at a rate of about 1.25 to 2 centimetres (0.49 to 0.79 in) per month (though with significant variations depending on the size of the stingray and the exact species). [citation needed] Contact with the stinger causes local trauma (from the cut itself), pain, swelling, and muscle cramps from the venom, and possible later infection from bacteria[3] or fungi.[7]
Immediate injuries to humans include envenomation, punctures, severed arteries and veins, and rarely death.[8][9][10]
Fatal stings are very rare;[3] the most famous case is when Australian wildlife expert Steve Irwin died in 2006, which was only the second case recorded in Australia since 1945.[11] In Irwin's case, the stinger penetrated his thoracic wall, causing massive trauma.[12]
^"About Stingrays". Caribbean Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-10-08.
^DuBois, David MD, MS, FAAEM, FACEP (2012). "Stingray Injury". WebMD. Retrieved 23 July 2012. People who step on a stingray most frequently are injured on their feet and lower legs.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcSlaughter, RJ; Beasley, DM; Lambie, BS; Schep, LJ (2009). "New Zealand's venomous creatures". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 122 (1290): 83–97. PMID 19319171.
^Company, Tampa Publishing (2013-06-07). "Do the stingray shuffle to avoid nasty stings". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
^Clark, Richard F.; Girard, Robyn Heister; Rao, Daniel; Ly, Binh T.; Davis, Daniel P. (2007). "Stingray Envenomation: A Retrospective Review of Clinical Presentation and Treatment in 119 Cases". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 33 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.03.043. PMID 17630073.
^"Stingray Injury Case Reports". Clinical Toxicology Resources. University of Adelaide. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
^Taylor, G. (2000). "Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 30 (1). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from the original on 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2008-06-15.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^"Stingray Injury to the Webspace of the Foot | Orthopedics". Healio.com. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
^Yamane, Kunikazu; Asato, Jun; Kawade, Naofumi; Takahashi, Hajime; Kimura, Bon; Arakawa, Yoshichika (2004). "Two Cases of Fatal Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Photobacterium damsela in Japan". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42 (3): 1370–72. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.3.1370-1372.2004. PMC 356853. PMID 15004123.
^"I thought stingrays were harmless, so how did one manage to kill the "Crocodile Hunter?"". 11 September 2006.
^Crocodile Hunter (2012-05-30). "Discovery Channel Mourns the Death of Steve Irwin". Animal.discovery.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-07. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
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