1956 statutes supporting racial segregation in Virginia
The Stanley Plan was a package of 13 statutes adopted in September 1956 by the U.S. state of Virginia. The statutes were designed to ensure racial segregation would continue in that state's public schools despite the unanimous ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that school segregation was unconstitutional. The legislative program was named for Governor Thomas B. Stanley, a Democrat, who proposed the program and successfully pushed for its enactment. The Stanley plan was a critical element in the policy of "massive resistance" to the Brown ruling advocated by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd Sr.[1] The plan also included measures designed to curb the Virginia state chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which many Virginia segregationists believed was responsible for "stirring up" litigation to integrate the public schools.[2]
The plan was enacted by the Virginia Assembly on September 22, 1956,[3] and signed into law by Governor Stanley on September 29.[4] A federal court struck down a portion of the Stanley plan as unconstitutional in January 1957.[5] By 1960, nearly all of the major elements of the plan (including the litigation curbs aimed at the NAACP) had been struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal and state courts.[6][7] The constitutional invalidity of the Stanley plan led new governor of Virginia, J. Lindsay Almond, also a Democrat, to propose "passive resistance" to school integration in 1959.[8] The Supreme Court declared portions of "passive resistance" unconstitutional in 1964 and again in 1968.[9][10]
^Duke, p. 18.
^Cite error: The named reference Mays158 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference PlanPassed was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Signed was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Pupil Placement Plan Overturned in Virginia: U.S. Judge Says It Flouts Integration". Evening Star. January 11, 1957. p. 1. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
^Cite error: The named reference BakerVoid was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Dickson, p. 320.
^Cite error: The named reference BakerLost was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference ClaytonOpen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference CourtRejects was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
The StanleyPlan was a package of 13 statutes adopted in September 1956 by the U.S. state of Virginia. The statutes were designed to ensure racial segregation...
Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, New York...
General Assembly passed a series of laws known as the StanleyPlan, after Governor Thomas Bahnson Stanley. One of these laws, passed on September 21, 1956...
The Stanley Hotel is a 140-room Colonial Revival hotel in Estes Park, Colorado, United States, about five miles from the entrance to Rocky Mountain National...
panel issued a decision on January 19, 1959, declaring parts of the StanleyPlan (enacted as part of Massive Resistance to the desegregation mandate in...
players with Stanley Cup championship rings won as a player. List of Stanley Cup Champions Maple Leafs: Legends praise Stanley Cup rings plan | Toronto Star...
Stanley Kubrick (/ˈkuːbrɪk/; July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American filmmaker and photographer. Widely considered one of the greatest filmmakers...
Lord Wavell participated in some of the discussions. The Cabinet Mission Plan, formulated by the group, proposed a three-tier administrative structure...
The Stanley Parable is a story-based video game designed and written by developers Davey Wreden and William Pugh. The game carries themes such as choice...
Stanley Oliver Tucci Jr. (/ˈtuːtʃi/ TOO-chee Italian pronunciation: [ˈtuttʃi]; born November 11, 1960) is an American actor. Known as a character actor...
The 2023 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League (NHL) for the 2022–23 season. The playoffs began on April 17, 2023...
public, private, and religious and non-religious options. Virginia's 1956 StanleyPlan used vouchers to finance white-only private schools known as segregation...
The Stanley Cup Finals in ice hockey (also known as the Stanley Cup Final among various media, French: Finale de la Coupe Stanley) is the National Hockey...
The Stanley Cup playoffs (French: Les séries éliminatoires de la Coupe Stanley) is the annual elimination tournament to determine the winner of the Stanley...
at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. Stanley was best known for the Stanley-Brown Safety Planning Intervention, which she developed in 2008 together...
2022 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 2021–22 season and the culmination of the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs...
preparation work had been completed. A change in owners resulted in the plans for Stanley Park Stadium being reexamined. In October 2012, new owners Fenway...
Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999) directed thirteen feature films and three short documentaries over the course of his career. His work as a director, spanning...
22. Governor Stanley had called a special legislative session, which began meeting on August 27. It ultimately passed the StanleyPlan. However, that...
Global Information