Gold aureus with the legend "Imp(eratoris) Sponsiani"
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Crisis of the Third Century
Reign of Maximinus Thrax(235–238)
Death of Alexander Severus(235)
Harzhorn(c.235)
Usurpation of Magnus(c.235)
Usurpation of Quartinus(235)
Year of the Six Emperors(238)
Revolt of Gordian I & Gordian II(238)
Battle of Carthage(238)
Siege of Aquileia(238)
Reign of Pupienus & Balbinus(238)
Invasion of the Carpi(238–239)
Reign of Gordian III(238–244)
Sabinianus Revolt(240)
Fall of Hatra(241)
Resaena(243)
Misiche(244)
Reign of Philip the Arab(244–249)
Invasion of the Carpi(245–247)
Secular Games of 248(248)
Usurpation of Sponsianus(240s)
Usurpation of Pacatianus(248)
Usurpation of Jotapianus(249)
Usurpation of Silbannacus(249or253)
Decius' Rebellion(249)
Verona and death of Philip & Philip II(249)
Reign of Decius(249–251)
Plague of Cyprian(250–270)
Decian persecution(250–251)
Gothic invasion of Cniva(250–251)
Carpi invasion of Dacia(250)
Nicopolis ad Istrum(250)
Beroe(250)
Philippopolis(250)
Usurpation of Julius Priscus(251)
Abritus and death of Decius and Etruscus(251)
Reign of Trebonianus Gallus(251–253)
Death of Hostilian(251)
Mariades' Revolt(252)
Nisibis(252)
Barbalissos(253)
Interamna Nahars(c253)
Reign of Aemilianus(253)
Antioch(253)
Reign of Valerian and Gallienus(253–260)
Thessalonica(254)
Thermopylae(254)
Dura-Europos(256)
Gothic invasion (256–257)
Invasion of Shapur (258)
Invasion of the Alemanni (258–260 approx)
Mediolanum(259)
Scythian invasion (259–260)
Edessa(260)
Reign of Gallienus(260–268)
Caesarea(260)
Usurpation of Ingenuus(260)
Usurpation of Regalianus(260)
Usurpation of Macrianus Major(c.259–261)
Gallic Empire(260–274)
Death of Saloninus(260)
Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia(260)
Campaigns of Odaenathus(260–267)
Usurpation of Quietus(261)
Usurpation of Balista(261)
Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus(261)
Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi(261)
Usurpation of Macrianus Minor(261)
Pannonian Rebellion(261)
Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus(261–262)
Postumus' Campaign against the Franks(262)
Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni(263)
Ctesiphon(263)
Scythian Invasion(265–266)
Assassination of Odaenathus(267)
Usurpation of Maeonius(266–267)
Scythian Invasion(267–269)
Heruli Raids(267)
Athens(267)
Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus(268)
Reign of Claudius Gothicus(268–270)
Usurpation of Laelianus(269)
Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius(269)
Augustodunum Haeduorum
Naissus(268/269)
Lake Benacus(268 or 269)
Capture of Athens(269)
Palmyrene Empire(270–273)
Bostra(270)
Palmyrene invasion of Egypt(270)
Vandal Invasion(270)
Reign of Aurelian(270–275)
Usurpation of Victorinus Junior(271)
Junthungi Invasion(271)
Domitian II(271)
Tetricus I & Tetricus II(271–274)
Rebellion of Felicissimus(270s)
Placentia(271)
Fano(271)
Pavia(271)
Tyana(272)
Immae(272)
Emesa(272)
Razing of Palmyra(273)
Usurpation of Faustinus(c.273)
Châlons(274)
Reign of Tacitus(275-276)
Gothic Invasion(276-277)
Reign of Probus(276-282)
Vandal Invasion(276-278)
Sarmatian Invasion(278)
Usurpation of Bonosus & Proculus(280)
Usurpation of Julius Saturninus(280)
Reign of Carus(282-283)
Carus' invasion of the Sasanian Empire(283)
Reign of Carinus(283-285)
Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia(284-285)
Margum(285)
Sponsianus, also known in English as Sponsian, may have been a Roman usurper during the third century. His existence is implied by a series of coins bearing his name, ostensibly part of a hoard excavated in the eighteenth century. No corresponding figure named Sponsianus is mentioned in any ancient sources, and the coins are widely believed to be the work of modern forgers. However, a study of wear marks on the coins published in November 2022 concluded that the coins were authentic, supporting Sponsian's existence as a historical figure. The study's methodology and conclusions have been criticized by a number of scholars.
If there had been a historical Sponsianus, he might have been active during the Crisis of the Third Century, most likely in the province of Dacia. He could have proclaimed himself emperor in the 260s, after Dacia was cut off from the rest of the Empire during the reign of Gallienus. Another possibilities are that he was active after the Aurelian retreat or earlier, during the reign of Philip the Arab or his son, Philip II.
that Sponsianus did not actually exist. After further study in 2022, a group of scientists argued that scratch marks on one coin bearing Sponsianus' name...
of the Eastern provinces. Two other usurpers, Marcus Silbannacus and Sponsianus, are reported to have started rebellions without much success. Overwhelmed...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
men before his own arrival. Ingenuus Jotapian Regalianus Silbannacus Sponsianus Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pacatianus. Körner essay on usurpers...
second coin, and the German historian Udo Hartmann. Jotapian Pacatian Sponsianus Craven 2019, p. 311. DIR. CANI. Butcher 2014. Körner 2002, p. 386. Estiot...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Failed usurpations of Ingenuus and Regalianus in Pannonia; possibly of Sponsianus in Dacia. 260–261: Failed usurpation of Macrianus Major, Macrianus Minor...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
found in Transylvania provide the only known evidence for Roman usurper Sponsianus. 1717: Michele Mercati's Metallotheca is published, 124 years after his...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
33) with no literary, epigraphical, numismatic support of any kind. Sponsianus in Dacia, contested numismatic evidence only Domitianus (270–271) most...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation...