For the belief in being able to contact the dead, see Spiritualism (beliefs).
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The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various meanings can be found alongside each other.[1][2][3][note 1] Traditionally, spirituality referred to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man",[note 2] oriented at "the image of God"[4][5] as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world. The term was used within early Christianity to refer to a life oriented toward the Holy Spirit[6] and broadened during the Late Middle Ages to include mental aspects of life.[7][8]
In modern times, the term both spread to other religious traditions[9] and broadened to refer to a wider range of experiences, including a range of esoteric and religious traditions. Modern usages tend to refer to a subjective experience of a sacred dimension,[10] and the "deepest values and meanings by which people live",[11][12] often in a context separate from organized religious institutions.[6] This may involve belief in a supernatural realm beyond the ordinarily observable world,[13] personal growth,[14] a quest for an ultimate or sacred meaning,[15] religious experience,[16] or an encounter with one's own "inner dimension".[17]
^McCarroll, O'Connor & Meakes 2005, p. 44.
^Koenig, King & Carson 2012, p. 36.
^Cobb, Puchalski & Rumbold 2012, p. 213.
^ abWaaijman 2000, p. 460.
^ abWaaijman 2002, p. [page needed].
^ abWong & Vinsky 2009.
^"The medieval mind". The Psychologist. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
^Safaria, Triantoro; Bashori, Khoiruddin (2022-10-27). "Relationship between Spirituality and Emotional Maturity with Cultural Intelligence in Preventing Culture Shock". Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi. 9 (1): 45–54. doi:10.15575/psy.v9i1.15628. ISSN 2502-2903. Archived from the original on 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
^Gorsuch & Miller 1999.
^Saucier & Skrzypinska 2006, p. 1259.
^Sheldrake 2007, pp. 1–2.
^Griffin 1988.
^Schuurmans-Stekhoven 2014.
^Houtman & Aupers 2007.
^Snyder & Lopez 2007, p. 261.
^Sharf 2000.
^Waaijman 2002, p. 315.
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meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various meanings can be found alongside each other. Traditionally, spirituality referred...
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