Spatial modulation is a technique that enables modulation over space, across different antennas (radio) at a transmitter.[1][2] Unlike multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) wireless (where all the transmitting antennas are active and transmitting digital modulated symbols such as phase-shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation), in spatial modulation, only a single antenna among all transmitting antennas is active and transmitting, while all other remaining transmitting antennas sit idle. The duty of the receiver (information theory) is: to estimate the active antenna index at the transmitter and to decode the symbol sent by the transmitting antenna.
Both processes carry a message bit. Since only one transmitting antenna is active at a particular instant, one single RF chain for the active antenna is required, unlike MIMO systems in which NT (number of transmitting antennas) antennas are active and correspondingly NT number of RF chains are required. RF chains are costly, which makes spatial modulation (SM) much cheaper to implement. Conventional MIMO systems suffer from problems such as inter-antenna interference and transmit antenna synchronization issues[3] because all transmitting antennas are active.
^Mesleh, R.Y.; Haas, H.; Sinanovic, S; Ahn, C.W.; Yun, S (15 July 2008). "Spatial Modulation". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 57 (4): 2228–2241. doi:10.1109/TVT.2007.912136. S2CID 2747250.
^Mesleh, Raed; Abdelhamid, Alhassi (May 2018). Space Modulation Techniques. John Wiley & Sons Inc. doi:10.1002/9781119375692. ISBN 9781119375654. S2CID 64872940.
^Kumbhani, Brijesh; Kshetrimayum, Rakhesh Singh (June 2017). "Spatial Modulation". MIMO Wireless Communications Over Generalized Fading Channels. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 267. ISBN 9781138033009.
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