End of NASA's Space Shuttle spacecraft system in 2011
Space ShuttleAtlantis welcome home ceremony after last missionSpace ShuttleAtlantis begins the last mission of the Space Shuttle program.Space ShuttleAtlantis touches down for the final time, July 21, 2011, at the end of STS-135.Empty status board in the Vehicle Assembly Building
Penultimate launch of Atlantis
The retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle fleet took place from March to July 2011. Discovery was the first of the three active Space Shuttles to be retired, completing its final mission on March 9, 2011; Endeavour did so on June 1. The final shuttle mission was completed with the landing of Atlantis on July 21, 2011, closing the 30-year Space Shuttle program.
The Shuttle was presented to the public in 1972 as a "space truck" which would, among other things, be used to build a United States space station in low Earth orbit in the early 1990s and then be replaced by a new vehicle.[1][2] When the concept of the U.S. space station evolved into that of the International Space Station, which suffered from long delays and design changes before it could be completed, the service life of the Space Shuttle fleet was extended several times until 2011 when it was finally retired.
After the Columbia loss in 2003, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board report showed that the Space Transportation System (STS) was risky/unsafe, and due to the expense to make Shuttle safe, in 2004, President G. W. Bush announced (along with the VSE policy) that the Shuttles would be retired in 2010 (after completing the ISS assembly).
In/by 2010 the Shuttle was formally scheduled for retirement with Atlantis being taken out of service first after STS-132 in May of that year, but the program was once again extended when the two final planned missions were delayed until 2011.[3] Later, one additional mission was added for Atlantis for July 2011, extending the program further. Counter-proposals to the shuttle's retirement were considered by Congress[4] and the prime contractor United Space Alliance as late as Spring 2010.[5]
Hardware developed for the Space Shuttle met various ends with conclusion of the program, including donation, disuse and/or disposal, or reuse. An example of reuse is that one of the three Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) was converted to a permanent module for the International Space Station.[6]
^"The Space Truck". The Washington Post. April 10, 1981. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
^"50 Years Ago: President Nixon Directs NASA to Build the Space Shuttle". NASA. January 5, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
^Malik, Tariq "NASA Delays Space Shuttle Program's End to 2011". Space.com, July 1, 2010
^Posey, Bill; Kosmas, Suzanne (March 3, 2010). "Shuttle flights would continue under new proposal". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
^Coppinger, Rob (February 3, 2010). "NASA weighs plan to keep space shuttle until 2017". NBC News.
^Gebhardt, Chris (October 6, 2010). "PMM Leonardo: The Final Permanent U.S. Module for the ISS". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
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