Southland (Māori: Murihiku, "the last joint of the tail") is New Zealand's southernmost region. It consists mainly of the southwestern portion of the South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura. It includes Southland District, Gore District and the city of Invercargill. Murihiku Southland is bordered by the culturally similar Otago to the north and east, and the West Coast in the extreme northwest. The region covers over 3.1 million hectares and spans 3,613 km of coast. As of June 2023, Southland has a population of 103,900, making it the eleventh-most-populous New Zealand region, and the second-most sparsely populated.
The earliest inhabitants of Murihiku were Māori of the Waitaha iwi, followed later by Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu, who were then followed by large numbers of predominantly Scottish settlers.[5][6] By the 1830s, Kāi Tahu had built a thriving industry supplying whaling vessels, looked after whalers and settlers in need, and had begun to integrate with the settlers.[7] The region maintains a strong cultural identity,[8] including its own distinct dialect of English and a very strong Māori and Scottish heritage.[6]
Politically, Murihiku proper extends from Fiordland in the west past the Mataura River to the Catlins the east. Murihiku contains New Zealand's highest waterfall—the Browne Falls, and its deepest lake, Lake Hauroko. Fiordland's terrain is dominated by mountains, fiords and glacial lakes carved up by glaciations during the last ice age, between 75,000 and 15,000 years ago. The region's coast is dotted by several fiords and other sea inlets which stretch from Milford Sound in the north to Preservation Inlet to the south. Farther north and east in Fiordland lie the Darran and Eyre Mountains which are part of the block of schist that extends into neighbouring Central Otago.[9] The region is extremely rich in natural resources, with large reserves of forestry, coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
^Cite error: The named reference Area was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
^"Regional gross domestic product: Year ended March 2022". Statistics New Zealand. 24 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
^"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
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^ abCite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference tront was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Edie, Robyn; Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Venture Southland". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^Cite error: The named reference slrgl was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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