Method to derive a plant or embryo from a single somatic cell
Switchgrass somatic embryos
Somatic embryogenesis is an artificial process in which a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell.[1] Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e. ordinary plant tissue. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo.
Cells derived from competent source tissue are cultured to form an undifferentiated mass of cells called a callus. Plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium can be manipulated to induce callus formation and subsequently changed to induce embryos to form the callus. The ratio of different plant growth regulators required to induce callus or embryo formation varies with the type of plant.[2] Somatic embryos are mainly produced in vitro and for laboratory purposes, using either solid or liquid nutrient media which contain plant growth regulators (PGR’s). The main PGRs used are auxins but can contain cytokinin in a smaller amount.[3] Shoots and roots are monopolar while somatic embryos are bipolar, allowing them to form a whole plant without culturing on multiple media types. Somatic embryogenesis has served as a model to understand the physiological and biochemical events that occur during plant developmental processes as well as a component to biotechnological advancement.[4] The first documentation of somatic embryogenesis was by Steward et al. in 1958 and Reinert in 1959 with carrot cell suspension cultures.[5][6]
^E.F. George et al. (eds.), Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture 3rd Edition, 335-354.
^Quiroz-Figueroa, F. R., Rojas-Herrera, R., Galaz-Avalos, R. M., and Loyola- Vargas, V. M. 2006. Embryo production through somatic embryogenesis can be used to study cell differentiation in plants. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 86: 285–301.
^Steward, F.C., Mapes, M.O., and Smlth, J. (1958). Growth and organized development of cultured cells. I. Growth and division of freely suspended cells. Am. J. Bot. 45, 693-703.
^Reinert J (1959) Uber die kontrolle der morphogenese und die induktion von adventivembryonen an gew- ebekulturen aus karotten. Planta 53:318–333
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tissue culture) are minimal when compared to the other two methods. Somaticembryogenesis is a method that has the potential to be several times higher in...
distinct germline, from somaticembryogenesis. This type of development is correlated with the evolution of death of the somatic line. The Weismann barrier...
developed based on cryopreservation of avocado somatic embryos with reliable methods for somaticembryogenesis and reconstitution into living trees. The avocado...
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the terms preformistic development, epigenetic development and somaticembryogenesis are also used in another context, in relation to the differentiation...
or an organic mulch can be added. It can also be propagated by somaticembryogenesis. Since the 1970s, hybridizers and plant breeders have been cross-pollinating...
Yeon; Kondeti, Subramanyam; Choi, Yong Eui (2019). "High frequency somaticembryogenesis and plant regeneration of interspecific ginseng hybrid between Panax...
Berman How to Dissect, p. 207, at Google Books A. Mujib (Editor) SomaticEmbryogenesis in Ornamentals and Its Applications, p. 188, at Google Books Goldblatt...
detoxification. They have been shown to promote plant tissue growth, somaticembryogenesis from in vitro cultures, and flowering. CAs inhibit indole-3-acetic...
the regeneration of triploid plantlets from endosperm tissue via somaticembryogenesis. The term "seedless fruit" is biologically somewhat contradictory...
culture medium, as this hormone is known to introduce variation. Somaticembryogenesis Wikimedia Commons has media related to Somaclonal variation. Miguel...
(2008-09-23). "Regeneration of Aeschynanthus radicans via direct somaticembryogenesis and analysis of regenerants with flow cytometry". In Vitro Cellular...
auxin-like activity. Phloroglucinol increases shoot formation and somaticembryogenesis in several horticultural and grain crops. When added to rooting...
(May 1993). "Characterization of a gene that is expressed early in somaticembryogenesis of Daucus carota". Plant Physiology. 102 (1): 303–312. doi:10.1104/pp...
arthropods, Volvox), as a great part of species have the capacity for somaticembryogenesis (e.g., land plants, most algae, many invertebrates). One hypothesis...
Bozhkov PV; von Arnold S (February 2000). "Developmental pathway of somaticembryogenesis in Picea abies as revealed by time-lapse tracking". J Exp Bot. 51...
the cell wall has been suggested as an early marker for direct somaticembryogenesis from cortical and epidermal cells of Cichorium hybrids. Temporary...
coffee tree that can be propagated by seed rather than through somaticembryogenesis (SE). It was propagated from a parent plant that is male-sterile...
Micropropagation of Ledebouria revoluta through callus culture and indirect somaticembryogenesis as well as shoot organogenesis was well established. Artificial...
Camellias: Using the plant breeding techniques of embryo rescue and somaticembryogenesis to develop a Camellia variety that is cold hardy, easier to grow...
"Involvement of plant hormones and plant growth regulators on in vitro somaticembryogenesis". Plant Growth Regulation. 47 (2–3): 91–110. doi:10.1007/s10725-005-3478-x...
In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and...
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