Pulse that is substantially slowed to less than the speed of light
Slow light is the propagation of an optical pulse or other modulation of an optical carrier at a very low group velocity. Slow light occurs when a propagating pulse is substantially slowed by the interaction with the medium in which the propagation takes place.
Group velocities below the speed of light in vacuum c were known to be possible as far back as 1880, but could not be realized in a useful manner until 1991, when Stephen Harris and collaborators demonstrated electromagnetically induced transparency in trapped strontium atoms.[1][2] Reduction of the speed of light by a factor of 165 was reported in 1995.[3] In 1998, Danish physicist Lene Vestergaard Hau led a combined team from Harvard University and the Rowland Institute for Science which realized much lower group velocities of light. They succeeded in slowing a beam of light to about 17 meters per second.[4] In 2004, researchers at UC Berkeley first demonstrated slow light in a semiconductor, with a group velocity 9.6 kilometers per second.[5] Hau and her colleagues later succeeded in stopping light completely, and developed methods by which it can be stopped and later restarted.[6][7]
In 2005, IBM created a microchip that can slow light, fashioned out of fairly standard materials, potentially paving the way toward commercial adoption.[8]
^Khurgin, Jacob B. (2010-09-30). "Slow light in various media: a tutorial". Advances in Optics and Photonics. 2 (3): 287. Bibcode:2010AdOP....2..287K. doi:10.1364/AOP.2.000287. ISSN 1943-8206.
^Boller, K.-J.; Imamoğlu, A.; Harris, S. E. (1991-05-20). "Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency". Physical Review Letters. 66 (20): 2593–2596. Bibcode:1991PhRvL..66.2593B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2593. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10043562.
^Kasapi, A.; Jain, Maneesh; Yin, G. Y.; Harris, S. E. (1995-03-27). "Electromagnetically Induced Transparency: Propagation Dynamics". Physical Review Letters. 74 (13): 2447–2450. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.2447K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2447. PMID 10057930.
^Cromie, William J. (1999-02-18). "Physicists Slow Speed of Light". The Harvard University Gazette. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
^"Light Changed to Matter, Then Stopped and Moved". Photonics.com. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
^Ginsberg, Naomi S.; Garner, Sean R.; Hau, Lene Vestergaard (8 February 2007). "Coherent control of optical information with matter wave dynamics" (PDF). Nature. 445 (7128): 623–626. doi:10.1038/nature05493. PMID 17287804. S2CID 4324343.
^Kanellos, Michael (2005-11-02). "IBM slows light, readies it for networking". ZDNet News. Archived from the original on 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
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