Simba rebellion (red) and Kwilu rebellion (yellow)
Date
1963 – November 1965 (Simba holdouts continue resistance until 1996)
Location
Democratic Republic of the Congo, with spillovers into Uganda and Sudan
Result
Government victory
• Rebellion suppressed
Belligerents
Democratic Republic of the Congoa. Belgium United States Anyanya Banyamulenge militias (1965)[1]
Simba rebels
Gbenye-Olenga faction
Soumialot faction
Kabila-Massengo faction
Rwandan exile groups[2] Uganda[3] Sudan[4]
Foreign support
Soviet Union
Cuba
Tanganyikab
China[5]
Burundi
Egypt[6]
Algeria[7]
Commanders and leaders
Joseph Kasa-Vubu
Cyrille Adoula
Moïse Tshombe
Louis Bobozo
Frédéric Vandewalle[a]
Joseph-Desiré Mobutu
Charles Laurent
Robert D. Forman
Joseph Lagu[9]
Christophe Gbenye
Nicholas Olenga
Gaston Soumialot
Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Ildéphonse Massengo
Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa
Strength
Congo-Léopoldville: ~29,000 ANC[10] Belgium: 350 paratroopers United States: 128 commandos 200 Cuban dissidents[11] 5 C-130 transport aircraft
Unknown Simba rebels
Thousands Rwandans[2]
200 Cuban and Soviet advisors
Casualties and losses
Large civilian casualties, including 392 Europeans and at minimum 20,000 Africans executed by rebels. Tens of thousands killed in total during suppression of the rebellion.[12]
a. The Republic of the Congo became the Democratic Republic of the Congo in August 1964.
b. Tanganyika became Tanzania in April 1964 following its incorporation of Zanzibar.
v
t
e
Congo Crisis
Force Publique mutinies
Secession crisis
Katanga
South Kasai
Invasion
Congo-Stanleyville
UN intervention
Rum Punch
Niemba ambush
Battle of Kabalo
Jadotville
UNOKAT
Camp Massart
Grandslam
Kindu atrocity
Port Francqui incident
Kanyarwanda War
Kwilu rebellion
Simba rebellion
Dragon Rouge
Dragon Noir
White Giant
Violettes Imperiales
South
Other major events
Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
Torture and killing of Lumumba
Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
The Simba rebellion, also known as the Orientale revolt,[13] was a regional uprising which took place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1963 and 1965 in the wider context of the Congo Crisis and the Cold War. The rebellion, located in the east of the country, was led by the followers of Patrice Lumumba, who had been ousted from power in 1960 by Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Joseph-Désiré Mobutu and subsequently killed in January 1961 in Katanga. The rebellion was contemporaneous with the Kwilu rebellion led by fellow Lumumbist Pierre Mulele in central Congo.
The Simba rebels were initially successful and captured much of eastern Congo, proclaiming a "people's republic" at Stanleyville. However, the insurgency suffered from a lack of organization and coherence, as well as tensions between the rebel leadership and its international allies of the Eastern Bloc. When the Congolese government launched a number of major counter-offensives from late 1964, spearheaded by battle-hardened mercenaries and backed by Western powers, the rebels suffered several major defeats and disintegrated. By November 1965, the Simba rebellion was effectively defeated, though holdouts of the rebels continued their insurgency until the 1990s.
^Prunier 2009, pp. 51–52.
^ abStapleton 2017, p. 245.
^Mujaju 1987, p. 484.
^Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
^Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
^Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
^Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
^Quanten 2014, p. 109.
^Martell 2018, pp. 74–75.
^Abbott 2014, p. 15.
^Abbott 2014, p. 18.
^Olivier, Lanotte (2016-01-25). "Chronology of the Democratic Republic of Congo/Zaire (1960-1997)". Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network. Paris Institute of Political Studies. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019.
^Abbott 2014, p. 14.
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