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Shaivism (/ˈʃaɪvɪzəm/; Sanskrit: शैवसम्प्रदायः, romanized: Śaivasampradāyaḥ) is one of the major Hindu traditions, which worships Shiva[1][2][3] as the Supreme Being. One of the largest Hindu denominations,[4][5] it incorporates many sub-traditions ranging from devotional dualistic theism such as Shaiva Siddhanta to yoga-orientated monistic non-theism such as Kashmiri Shaivism.[6][7][8] It considers both the Vedas and the Agama texts as important sources of theology.[9][10][11] According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, Shaivism is the second-largest Hindu sect, constituting about 253 million or 26.6% of Hindus.[4][12]
Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Vedic religions and traditions derived from the southern Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta traditions and philosophies, which were assimilated in the non-Vedic Shiva-tradition.[13] In the process of Sanskritisation and the formation of Hinduism, starting in the last centuries BCE, these pre-Vedic traditions became aligned with the Vedic deity Rudra and other Vedic deities, incorporating the non-Vedic Shiva-traditions into the Vedic-Brahmanical fold.[2][14]
Both devotional and monistic Shaivism became popular in the 1st millennium CE, rapidly becoming the dominant religious tradition of many Hindu kingdoms.[2] It arrived in Southeast Asia shortly thereafter, leading to the construction of thousands of Shaiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism in these regions.[15][16]
Shaivite theology ranges from Shiva being the creator, preserver, and destroyer to being the same as the Atman (Self) within oneself and every living being. It is closely related to Shaktism, and some Shaivas worship in both Shiva and Shakti temples.[8] It is the Hindu tradition that most accepts ascetic life and emphasizes yoga, and like other Hindu traditions encourages an individual to discover and be one with Shiva within.[6][7][17] The followers of Shaivism are called Shaivas or Shaivites.
^Bisschop 2020, pp. 15–16.
^ abcBisschop 2011.
^Chakravarti 1986, p. 1.
^ abJohnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons. p. 400. ISBN 9781118323038. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
^Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 474.
^ abFlood 1996, pp. 162–167.
^ abGanesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1892-7, pages 16–19
^ abFlood 2003, pp. 202–204.
^Cite error: The named reference davidsmith116 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7, pages 31–34 with footnotes
^Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0595-8, pages 43–44
^"Chapter 1 Global Religious Populations" (PDF). January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013.
^Chakravarti 1986, p. 66-70.
^Chakravarti 1986, p. 1, 66-70.
^Flood 2003, pp. 208–214.
^Jan Gonda (1975). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51. ISBN 90-04-04330-6. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
^"Introduction to Hinduism". Himalayan Academy. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
estimate by Johnson and Grim, Shaivism is the second-largest Hindu sect, constituting about 253 million or 26.6% of Hindus. Shaivism developed as an amalgam...
The Kashmir Shaivism tradition, also called Trika Shaivism, is a non-dualist branch of Shaiva-Shakta Tantra Hinduism that originated in Kashmir after 850...
Pashupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, Sanskrit: पाशुपत) is one of the oldest major Shaivite Hindu schools. The mainstream which follows Vedic Pāśupata penance...
theologies. Shaivism is one of the four major sects of Hinduism, the others being Vaishnavism, Shaktism and the Smarta Tradition. Followers of Shaivism, called...
the epithet Ishvara. In Kashmir Shaivism, Svachhanda Bhairava is considered as the supreme form of Shiva. Kashmir Shaivism consider Svachhanda Bhairava as...
Shivastotravali 1982 – Lectures on practice and discipline in Kashmir Shaivism 1985 – Kashmir Shaivism: The Secret Supreme, edited by John Hughes (the essence of...
Pashupata Shaivism, developed by Nakulisa Shaiva Siddhanta, the theistic Sankhya school Pratyabhijña, the recognitive school of Kashmir Shaivism, Trika Raseśvara...
Dikshitar. Kashmir Shaivism, adheres to the teachings of Vasugupta and his disciplinic lineage, including Abhinavagupta. Pashupata Shaivism, adheres to the...
Kashmir Shaivism which originated in the ninth century CE. The term Trika was used by Abhinavagupta to represent the whole of Kashmir Shaivism, or to designate...
is preceded by the devotional syllable "Om". In Siddha Shaivism and Shaiva Siddhanta Shaivism traditions, Namah Shivaya is considered as Pancha Bodha...
to Veerashaivism. However, Veerashaivism differs from Agamic Shaivism and Pasupata Shaivism in its philosophy, in its doctrine of sthala, in the special...
Vedic faith traditions, along with different sectarian religions, notably Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism that were within the orthodox fold yet still...
Shaiva Siddhanta (IAST: Śaiva-siddhānta) is a form of Shaivism popular in South India and Sri Lanka which propounds a devotional philosophy with the ultimate...
Buddhists. In Shaivism, he is a powerful manifestation, or avatar, of Shiva, associated with annihilation. In the tradition of Kashmir Shaivism, Bhairava...
portrays him as the one who reconciled the various sects (Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Saktism) with the introduction of the Pañcāyatana form of worship...
Pandyan king Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman. He converted from Jainism to Shaivism, converted under the influence of Sambandar. According to a Shaivite legend...
Kashmir Shaivism, Swami Lakshman Joo, gave a condensed version of the key philosophical chapters of Tantrāloka in his book, Kashmir Shaivism – The Secret...
other schools such as Raseswera, Paninya, Pratyabhijna, Pasupata Shaivism, Shaivism etc. Indian thought has been concerned with various philosophical...
Parashiva is beyond all of the 36 tattvas mentioned in Shaivism philosophy. Kashmiri Shaivism describes how all of reality, with all of its diversity...
topics, in textual sources. The major Hindu denominations are Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, and the Smarta tradition. The six Āstika schools of Hindu philosophy...
texts of the Purana genre of Sanskrit texts in Hinduism, and part of the Shaivism literature corpus. It primarily revolves around the Hindu god Shiva and...
commonplace in Sanskrit ... Aghori Kashmir Shaivism Kaula Mahasiddha Mattavilasa Prahasana Pashupata Shaivism Vajrayana Lorenzen, David N. (2020) [1972]...
festival is believed to have originated in 5th century BCE. In Kashmir Shaivism, the festival is called Har-ratri or phonetically simpler Haerath or Herath...
scholars. Hindu texts identify him as the son of Parvati and Shiva of the Shaivism tradition, but he is a pan-Hindu god found in its various traditions. In...
manifestations. In the details of its philosophy and practice, Shaktism resembles Shaivism. However, Shaktas (Sanskrit: शक्त, Śakta, ), practitioners of Shaktism...
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