1965 nonviolent protests for African-American voting rights in Alabama, United States
Selma to Montgomery marches
Part of the civil rights movement
Alabama Highway Patrol troopers attack civil rights demonstrators outside Selma, Alabama, on Bloody Sunday, March 7, 1965.
Date
March 7–25, 1965
Location
Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church, Edmund Pettus Bridge, U.S. Route 80, Haisten's Mattress & Awning Company, Alabama State Capitol, Selma and Montgomery, Alabama
Caused by
Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
African Americans obstructed from registering to vote
Failed voter registration campaign
Resulted in
Speech "The American Promise" delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson as Special Message before Congress
Introduction of Senate bill 1964, a voting rights bill, in the 89th United States Congress
Hastened passage of voting rights bill in Congress
Speech "How Long? Not Long" delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. at the Alabama State Capitol
Parties
Dallas County Voters League (DCVL)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
State of Alabama
Governor of Alabama
Department of Public Safety
Dallas County Circuit Court
Dallas County Sheriff
Board of Registrar
Mayor of Selma
Selma Department of Safety
Dallas County Citizens' Council
Lead figures
SCLC members
James Bevel
Martin Luther King Jr.
Diane Nash
James Orange
Richard C. Boone
Hosea Williams
DCVL members
Ulysses S. Blackmon Sr.
Amelia Boynton
Samuel Boynton
Bruce Boynton
Joseph Ellwanger
Rev. Frederick Reese
Rev. L. L. Anderson
J. L. Chestnut
Annie Lee Cooper
Marie Foster
James E. Gildersleeve
SNCC members
Stokely Carmichael
James Forman
Prathia Hall
Bernard Lafayette[1]
John Lewis
State of Alabama
George Wallace, Governor
Albert J. Lingo, Director of the Alabama Department of Public Safety
Major John Cloud, Commander of Alabama State Troopers
Dallas County
Judge James Hare, Circuit Court
Jim Clark, Sheriff of Dallas County
J. P. Majors, Dallas County Registrar
City of Selma
Joseph Smitherman, Mayor
Wilson Baker, Public Safety Director of Selma
[2]
v
t
e
Civil Rights Movement in Alabama
State of Alabama
Alabama Pupil Placement Law
NAACP v. Patterson
NAACP v. Alabama
United States v. Alabama
Original Freedom Rides
George Wallace's Inaugural Address
United States v. Wallace
Hamilton v. Alabama
City of Birmingham
Bombingham
Birmingham bus boycott
First Bethel Baptist Church bombing
Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham Board of Education
Birmingham sit-ins
Armstrong v. Birmingham Board of Education
Anniston bus bombing
Birmingham bus attack
Gober v. City of Birmingham
Birmingham campaign
Children's Crusade
Gaston Motel and King residence bombings
Birmingham riot of 1963
16th Street Baptist Church bombing
Shooting of Johnny Robinson
Murder of Virgil Lamar Ware
Katzenbach v. McClung
Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham
City of Montgomery
Montgomery bus boycott
Browder v. Gayle
Robert Graetz residence bombing
Martin Luther King Jr. residence bombing
Gilmore v. City of Montgomery
Montgomery sit-ins
Connecticut Freedom Ride
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
Selma to Montgomery marches
U.S. v. Montgomery County Board of Ed.
Smith v. Young Men's Christian Association
Gilmore v. City of Montgomery
City of Selma
Selma to Montgomery marches
Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
Murder of James Reeb
Murder of Viola Liuzzo
City of Tuscaloosa
Lucy v. Adams
University of Alabama desegregation crisis
Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
Bloody Tuesday
City of Tuskegee
Tuskegee merchant boycott
Alabama Act 140
Tuskegee sit-ins
Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Tuskegee High School desegregation crisis
Murder of Sammy Younge Jr.
Lee v. Macon County Board of Education
Other localities
Murder of Willie Edwards
Murder of William Lewis Moore
Murder of Willie Brewster
Murder of Jonathan Daniels
The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile (87 km) highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. The marches were organized by nonviolent activists to demonstrate the desire of African-American citizens to exercise their constitutional right to vote, in defiance of segregationist repression; they were part of a broader voting rights movement underway in Selma and throughout the American South. By highlighting racial injustice, they contributed to passage that year of the Voting Rights Act, a landmark federal achievement of the civil rights movement.
Since the late 19th century, Southern state legislatures had passed and maintained a series of Jim Crow laws that had disenfranchised the millions of African Americans across the South and enforced racial segregation. The initial voter registration drive, started in 1963 by the African-American Dallas County Voters League (DCVL) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) failed as local White officials arrested the organizers and otherwise harassed Blacks wishing to register to vote. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 legally ended segregation but the situation in Selma changed little. The DCVL then invited Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and the activists of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to amplify the efforts, and these figures drew more prominent people to Alabama. Local and regional protests began in January 1965, with 3,000 people arrested by the end of February. On February 26, activist and deacon Jimmie Lee Jackson died after being shot several days earlier by state trooper James Bonard Fowler during a peaceful march in nearby Marion. To defuse and refocus the Black community's outrage, James Bevel, who was directing SCLC's Selma voting rights movement, called for a march of dramatic length, from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery, calling for an unhindered exercise of the right to vote.[3][page needed][4]
The first march took place on March 7, 1965, led by figures including Bevel and Amelia Boynton, but was ended by state troopers and county possemen, who charged on about 600 unarmed protesters with batons and tear gas after they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge in the direction of Montgomery. The event became known as Bloody Sunday.[5][6] Law enforcement beat Boynton unconscious, and the media publicized worldwide a picture of her lying wounded on the bridge.[7] The second march took place two days later but King cut it short as a federal court issued a temporary injunction against further marches. That night, an anti-civil rights group murdered civil rights activist James Reeb, a Unitarian Universalist minister from Boston.[8] The third march, which started on March 21, was escorted by the Alabama National Guard under federal control, the FBI and federal marshals (segregationist Governor George Wallace refused to protect the protesters). Thousands of marchers averaged 10 mi (16 km) a day along U.S. Route 80 (US 80), reaching Montgomery on March 24. The following day, 25,000 people staged a demonstration on the steps of the Alabama State Capitol.
The violence of "Bloody Sunday" and Reeb's murder resulted in a national outcry, and the marches were widely discussed in national and international news media. The protesters campaigned for a new federal voting rights law to enable African Americans to register and vote without harassment. President Lyndon B. Johnson seized the opportunity and held a historic, nationally televised joint session of Congress on March 15, asking lawmakers to pass what is now known as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He enacted it on August 6, removing obstacles for Blacks to register en masse. The march route is memorialized and designated as the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail.
^Taylor Branch, At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years 1965–1968
Fay Bellamy Powell, Simon & Schuster, 2007, p. 198.
^"Swarthmore College Bulletin (July 2014)".
^Kryn, Randall (1989). "James L. Bevel: The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement". In Garrow, David (ed.). We Shall Overcome: The Civil Rights Movement in the United States in the 1950's and 1960's. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement, no. 5. Vol. II. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson Publishing Company. ISBN 9780926019027. OCLC 19740619.
^Randy Kryn, "Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, October 2005, Middlebury College.
^"Student March at Nyack". The New York Times. March 11, 1965. p. 19. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
^Reed, Roy (March 6, 1966). "'Bloody Sunday' Was Year Ago". The New York Times. p. 76. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
^Sheila Jackson Hardy; P. Stephen Hardy (2008). Extraordinary People of the Civil Rights Movement. Paw Prints. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-4395-2357-5. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
^"James Joseph Reeb". uudb.org. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
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