A plague doctor and his typical apparel during the 17th century
The second plague pandemic was a major series of epidemics of plague that started with the Black Death, which reached medieval Europe in 1346 and killed up to half of the population of Eurasia in the next four years. It followed the first plague pandemic that began in the 6th century with the Plague of Justinian, but had ended in the 8th century. Although the plague died out in most places, it became endemic and recurred regularly. A series of major epidemics occurred in the late 17th century, and the disease recurred in some places until the late 18th century or the early 19th century.[1][2] After this, a new strain of the bacterium gave rise to the third plague pandemic, which started in Asia around the mid-19th century.[3][4]
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which exists in parasitic fleas of several species in the wild and of rats in human society. In an outbreak, it may kill all of its immediate hosts and thus die out, but it can remain active in other hosts that it does not kill, thereby causing a new outbreak years or decades later.
^Spyrou, Maria A.; Keller, Marcel; Tukhbatova, Rezeda I.; Scheib, Christiana L.; Nelson, Elizabeth A.; Andrades Valtueña, Aida; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Walker, Don; Alterauge, Amelie; Carty, Niamh; Cessford, Craig (2019-10-02). "Phylogeography of the second plague pandemic revealed through analysis of historical Yersinia pestis genomes". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 4470. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.4470S. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12154-0. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6775055. PMID 31578321.
^Guellil, Meriam; Kersten, Oliver; Namouchi, Amine; Luciani, Stefania; Marota, Isolina; Arcini, Caroline A.; Iregren, Elisabeth; Lindemann, Robert A.; Warfvinge, Gunnar; Bakanidze, Lela; Bitadze, Lia (2020-11-10). "A genomic and historical synthesis of plague in 18th century Eurasia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (45): 28328–28335. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11728328G. doi:10.1073/pnas.2009677117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7668095. PMID 33106412.
^"The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics". jmvh.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
^Bramanti, Barbara; Dean, Katharine R.; Walløe, Lars; Chr. Stenseth, Nils (2019-04-24). "The Third Plague Pandemic in Europe". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1901). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2429. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6501942. PMID 30991930.
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