The Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November 1942) was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein. The First Battle of El Alamein and the Battle of Alam el Halfa had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt.
In August 1942, General Claude Auchinleck had been relieved as Commander-in-Chief of Middle East Command and his successor, Lieutenant-General William Gott was killed on his way to replace him as commander of the Eighth Army. Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery was appointed and led the Eighth Army offensive.
The Allied victory at El Alamein was the beginning of the end of the Western Desert Campaign, eliminating the Axis threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields. The battle revived the morale of the Allies, being the first big success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941. The end of the battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch on 8 November, which opened a second front in North Africa.
^ياغي, إسماعيل أحمد; شاكر, محمود (October 2008). "تاريخ العالم الإسلامي الحديث والمعاصر : قارة إفريقية : الجزء الثاني:–1492-1980".
^Maurer 1983, p. 120.
^Latimer 2003, pp. 249–250.
^Buffetaut 1995, p. 95.
^ abcdefPlayfair 2004, p. 30.
^Playfair 2004, pp. 9–11.
^ abBarr 2005, p. 304.
^ abPlayfair 2004, p. 3.
^ abBarr 2005, p. 26.
^ abPlayfair 2004, p. 10.
^Barr 2005, p. 276.
^Playfair 2004, p. 9.
^ abClodfelter 2017, p. 455.
^Playfair 2004, pp. 404, 78.
^Terraine 1985, p. 385.
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