Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms information
Role of Scotland during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1653)
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Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Riot sparked by Jenny Geddes over the imposition of Charles I's Book of Common Prayer in Presbyterian Scotland. Civil disobedience soon turned into armed defiance.
Date
1639–52
Location
Scotland
Result
Covenanters defeat Royalists but are themselves defeated by an English Parliamentarian conquest of Scotland in 1650–52.
Belligerents
Royalists Irish Confederation
Covenanters
Engagers
Kirk Party
English Parliament
Commanders and leaders
Marquis of Montrose Alasdair Mac Colla Maghnus Ó Catháin Charles II
Marquis of Argyll (Kirk Party)
Alexander Leslie (Kirk Party)
David Leslie
Duke of Hamilton (Engagers)
Oliver Cromwell
George Monck
Strength
Fluctuating, 2,000–4,000 troops at any one time
Over 30,000 troops, but many based in England and Ireland
Casualties and losses
Total of 28,000 battlefield deaths on both sides, more soldiers die from disease, c. 45,000 civilian deaths, both from disease and deliberate targeting
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Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Bishops' Wars • Irish Confederate Wars • First English Civil War • Second English Civil War • Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms • Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
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Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Bishops Wars
Brig of Dee
Newburn
First English Civil War
Newcastle
Boldon Hill
York
Marston Moor
Tippermuir
1st Aberdeen
Carlisle
Inverlochy
Auldearn
Alford
Fyvie
Kilsyth
Philiphaugh
Annan Moor
2nd Aberdeen
Lagganmore
Rhunahaorine Moss
Second English Civil War
Dunaverty
Mauchline Muir
Preston
Winwick
Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
Whiggamore Raid
Stirling
1st Inverness
2nd Inverness
Carbisdale
Dunbar
Inverkeithing
Dundee
Worcester
Glencairn's rising
Tullich
Dalnaspidal
Between 1639 and 1652, Scotland was involved in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of wars starting with the Bishops' Wars (between Scotland and England), the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the English Civil War (and its extension in Scotland), the Irish Confederate Wars, and finally the subjugation of Ireland and Scotland by the English Roundhead New Model Army.
In Scotland itself, from 1644 to 1645 a Scottish civil war was fought between Scottish Royalists—supporters of Charles I under James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose—and the Covenanters, who had controlled Scotland since 1639 and allied with the English Parliament. The Scottish Royalists, aided by Irish troops, had a rapid series of victories in 1644–45, but were eventually defeated by the Covenanters.
The Covenanters then found themselves at odds with the English Parliament, so they crowned Charles II at Scone and thus stated their intention to place him on the thrones of England and Ireland as well. This led to the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650 to 1652, when Scotland was invaded and occupied by the New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell.
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Global Information
Royalists
Irish Confederation
English Parliament
Alasdair Mac Colla