Sarraceniaceae are a family of pitcher plants, belonging to order Ericales (reassigned from Nepenthales).
The family comprises three extant genera: Sarracenia (North American pitcher plants), Darlingtonia (the cobra lily or California pitcher plant), and Heliamphora (sun pitchers).[1][2] The extinct Archaeamphora longicervia may also belong to this family,[3] although later studies question that interpretation.[4] All three are carnivorous plants that lure insects with nectar and use their elongated, tube-shaped leaves filled with water and digestive enzymes to catch and consume them. Digestive enzymes are not always produced by the plants themselves. Digestive mutualisms are common in Sarraceniaceae: both Sarracenia and Darlingtonia rely on commensal bacteria to supplement or produce all of their enzymes.[5] Many species also use downward-pointing hairs and waxy secretions to make it difficult for insects to escape.
Sarracenia and Darlingtonia are native to North America, while Heliamphora is native to South America. Previous phylogenetic analysis suggests that the family originated in South America about 47 million years ago and spread to North America soon after, about 35 million years ago.[6] The Sarracenia and Heliamphora clade diverged from Darlingtonia around this time, most likely due to a cooling event at the beginning of the Oligocene.[6]Sarracenia diverged from Heliamphora later, around 23 million years ago.[6] However, recent study found that the divergence times in Sarraceniaceae could be much older.[7][8] The family could have originated about 88 million years ago during Late Cretaceous.[7][8] The Sarracenia and Heliamphora clade could have diverged from Darlingtonia around 54 million years ago during Early Eocene.[8]Sarracenia and Heliamphora could have split around 36 million years ago during Late Eocene.[8]
These plants grow in nutrient-poor, often acidic soil and use the insects as a nutritional supplement. As such, growth of carnivorous pitchers is plastic: as soil nitrogen increases, Sarracenia produces fewer pitchers.[9] The pitchers originate from a rhizome and die back during the winter dormancy. Plants of the genus Sarracenia occur mostly in Sphagnum bogs.
Most Sarraceniaceae have tall, narrow pitchers that are vertical or nearly so. Sarracenia purpurea, however, has short, squat, bulbous pitchers close to the ground, and Sarracenia psittacina has pitchers that grow horizontally.
The purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) is the official flower of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Heliamphora
Darlingtonia californica
Sarracenia
Lebia grandis trapped by Sarracenia purpurea.
Dicyrtomina minuta (Collembola) trapped by Sarracenia purpurea.
Moth, Idia lubricalis in Sarracenia purpurea.
Combined nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial phylogeny of Sarraceniaceae[6]
Sarraceniaceae chronogram based on combined data
^McPherson, S.; Schnell, D. (2011). Sarraceniaceae of North America. Poole: Redfern Natural History. ISBN 978-0-9558918-6-1.
^McPherson, S.; Wistuba, A.; Fleischmann, A.; Nerz, J. (2011). Sarraceniaceae of South America. Poole: Redfern Natural History. ISBN 9780955891878.
^Li, H. (2005). "Early Cretaceous sarraceniacean-like pitcher plants from China". Acta Bot. Gallica. 152 (2): 227–234. Bibcode:2005AcBG..152..227L. doi:10.1080/12538078.2005.10515473. S2CID 85000922.
^Wong, William Oki; Dilcher, David Leonard; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Sun, Ge; Fleischmann, Andreas (2015-05-07). "Early Cretaceous Archaeamphora is not a carnivorous angiosperm". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 326. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00326. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4423337. PMID 25999978.
^Anderson, B.; Midgley, J.J. (2003). "Digestive mutualism, an alternate pathway in plant carnivory". Oikos. 102 (1): 221–4. Bibcode:2003Oikos.102..221A. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12478.x.
^ abcdEllison, A.M.; Butler, E.D.; Hicks, E.J.; Naczi, R.F.C.; Calie, P.J.; Bell, C.D.; Davis, C.C. (2012). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the carnivorous plant family Sarraceniaceae". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39291. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739291E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039291. PMC 3374786. PMID 22720090.
^ abMagallón, Susana; Gómez-Acevedo, Sandra; Sánchez-Reyes, Luna L.; Hernández-Hernández, Tania (2015). "A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity". New Phytologist. 207 (2): 437–453. doi:10.1111/nph.13264. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 25615647. S2CID 21846569.
^ abcdLiu, Sukuan; Smith, Stacey D. (2021-01-01). "Phylogeny and biogeography of South American marsh pitcher plant genus Heliamphora (Sarraceniaceae) endemic to the Guiana Highlands" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 154: 106961. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106961. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 32956799. S2CID 221844433.
^Ellison, A.M.; Gotelli, N.J. (2002). "Nitrogen availability alters the expression of carnivory in the northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (7): 4409–12. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.4409E. doi:10.1073/pnas.022057199. PMC 123661. PMID 11904363.
Sarraceniaceae are a family of pitcher plants, belonging to order Ericales (reassigned from Nepenthales). The family comprises three extant genera: Sarracenia...
species of carnivorous plant in the new world pitcher plant family, Sarraceniaceae. It is the sole species within its monotypic genus, Darlingtonia. The...
many weeks. The genus Heliamphora contains the most species in the Sarraceniaceae family and is joined by the cobra lily (Darlingtonia californica) and...
socks, or side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. Like other species of Sarracenia, S. purpurea obtains most of its nutrients...
"pitcher plant" generally refers to members of the Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae families, but similar pitfall traps are employed by the monotypic Cephalotaceae...
commonly called trumpet pitchers. The genus belongs to the family Sarraceniaceae, which also contain the closely allied genera Darlingtonia and Heliamphora...
minor Gleason (Sarraceniaceae) del Auyán-tepui, incluyendo una nueva variedad. [Taxonomy of Heliamphora minor Gleason (Sarraceniaceae) from Auyán-tepui...
(September 2002). Heliamphora chimantensis, a new species of Heliamphora (Sarraceniaceae) from the ‘Macizo de Chimanta’ in the south of Venezuela. Carnivorous...
family) Family Roridulaceae Family Sapotaceae (sapodilla family) Family Sarraceniaceae (American pitcher plant family) Family Sladeniaceae Family Styracaceae...
yellow pitcherplant, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. Like all the Sarraceniaceae, it is native to the New World. Its range extends from...
six times. This particular adaptation is found within the families Sarraceniaceae (Darlingtonia, Heliamphora, Sarracenia), Nepenthaceae (Nepenthes), and...
Chasmanthe aethiopica (family Iridaceae) Darlingtonia californica (family Sarraceniaceae) This page is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic...
Sarraceniaceae of South America is a monograph on the pitcher plants of the genus Heliamphora by Stewart McPherson, Andreas Wistuba, Andreas Fleischmann...
JSTOR 2480734 McPherson, S., A. Wistuba, A. Fleischmann & J. Nerz (2011). Sarraceniaceae of South America. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole. Rivadavia...
closely related to the carnivorous plant families Roridulaceae and Sarraceniaceae. Peculiar stalked glands found on balsam sepals secrete mucus and might...
doi:10.2307/2804811 McPherson, Wistuba, Fleischmann, Nerz (2011). Sarraceniaceae of South America. Poole, Dorset, England: Redfern Natural History Productions...
following list of 23 species (plus 2 undescribed species) is based on Sarraceniaceae of South America (2011). Heliamphora arenicola Wistuba, A.Fleischm....
consisting of the Ericaceae, the Cyrillaceae, the Clethraceae, the Sarraceniaceae, and the Roridulaceae. Further genetic evidence points to the Actinidiaceae...
of the family Sarraceniaceae. This would make it the earliest known carnivorous plant and the only known fossil record of Sarraceniaceae, or the New World...
A calcifuge is a plant that does not tolerate alkaline (basic) soil. The word is derived from the Latin 'to flee from chalk'. These plants are also described...
(Sarraceniaceae), a new species from Ilu-Tepui. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33(4): 111–116. Steyermark, J.A. et al. (18 May 1951). Sarraceniaceae. [pp...
minor Gleason (Sarraceniaceae) del Auyán-tepui, incluyendo una nueva variedad. [Taxonomy of Heliamphora minor Gleason (Sarraceniaceae) from Auyán-tepui...
Brazil-Venezuela border. Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba (June 2000). Heliamphora hispida (Sarraceniaceae), a new species from Cerro Neblina, Brazil-Venezuela. Carnivorous Plant...
Global Information
Heliamphora
Darlingtonia californica
Sarracenia
Lebia grandis trapped by Sarracenia purpurea.
Dicyrtomina minuta (Collembola) trapped by Sarracenia purpurea.
Moth, Idia lubricalis in Sarracenia purpurea.![Combined nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial phylogeny of Sarraceniaceae[6]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sarraceniaceae_combined_maximum_likelihood_phylogeny.png/120px-Sarraceniaceae_combined_maximum_likelihood_phylogeny.png)
Combined nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial phylogeny of Sarraceniaceae[6]
Sarraceniaceae chronogram based on combined data
![Combined nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial phylogeny of Sarraceniaceae[6]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sarraceniaceae_combined_maximum_likelihood_phylogeny.png/120px-Sarraceniaceae_combined_maximum_likelihood_phylogeny.png)
