This article is about the bacteria. For the disease caused by such bacteria, see Salmonellosis.
Salmonella
Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing Salmonella Typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Enterobacterales
Family:
Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:
Salmonella Lignières, 1900
Species and subspecies[1]
Salmonella bongori
Salmonella enterica
Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae
Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae
Salmonella enterica subsp. indica
Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two known species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. S. enterica is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies[2][3] that include over 2,650 serotypes.[4]Salmonella was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850–1914), an American veterinary surgeon.
Salmonella species are non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with cell diameters between about 0.7 and 1.5 μm, lengths from 2 to 5 μm, and peritrichous flagella (all around the cell body, allowing them to move).[5] They are chemotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions, using organic sources. They are also facultative anaerobes, capable of generating adenosine triphosphate with oxygen ("aerobically") when it is available, or using other electron acceptors or fermentation ("anaerobically") when oxygen is not available.[5]
Salmonella species are intracellular pathogens,[6] of which certain serotypes cause illness such as salmonellosis. Most infections are due to the ingestion of food contaminated by feces. Typhoidal Salmonella serotypes can only be transferred between humans and can cause foodborne illness as well as typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Typhoid fever is caused by typhoidal Salmonella invading the bloodstream, as well as spreading throughout the body, invading organs, and secreting endotoxins (the septic form). This can lead to life-threatening hypovolemic shock and septic shock, and requires intensive care including antibiotics.
Nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes are zoonotic and can be transferred from animals and between humans. They usually invade only the gastrointestinal tract and cause salmonellosis, the symptoms of which can be resolved without antibiotics. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, nontyphoidal Salmonella can be invasive and cause paratyphoid fever, which requires immediate antibiotic treatment.[7]
^"Salmonella". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
^Su LH, Chiu CH (2007). "Salmonella: clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature". Chang Gung Medical Journal. 30 (3): 210–219. PMID 17760271.
^Ryan MP, O'Dwyer J, Adley CC (2017). "Evaluation of the Complex Nomenclature of the Clinically and Veterinary Significant Pathogen Salmonella". BioMed Research International. 2017: 3782182. doi:10.1155/2017/3782182. PMC 5429938. PMID 28540296.
^Gal-Mor O, Boyle EC, Grassl GA (2014). "Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5: 391. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00391. PMC 4120697. PMID 25136336.
^ abFàbrega A, Vila J (April 2013). "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 26 (2): 308–341. doi:10.1128/CMR.00066-12. PMC 3623383. PMID 23554419.
^Jantsch J, Chikkaballi D, Hensel M (March 2011). "Cellular aspects of immunity to intracellular Salmonella enterica". Immunological Reviews. 240 (1): 185–195. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00981.x. PMID 21349094. S2CID 19344119.
^Ryan I KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 362–8. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two known species of Salmonella are Salmonella...
Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type. It is the most common disease to be known as food poisoning (though...
Salmonella enterica (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) is a rod-shaped, flagellate, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium and a species of the...
simply as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria, also called Salmonella typhi. Symptoms vary from mild to severe...
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Salmonella bongori is a pathogenic bacterium belonging to the genus Salmonella, and was earlier known as Salmonella subspecies V or S. enterica subsp...
Salmonella Dub is a dub/drum n bass/reggae/roots band from New Zealand. The band was formed in 1992 by Andrew Penman, Dave Deakins, and Mark Tyler. The...
United States every year. The shell of the egg may be contaminated with Salmonella by feces or environment, or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by...
monophasic salmonella typhimurium linked to chocolate products made at the Belgian factory. The report found that in December 2021, salmonella was detected...
outbreak was an outbreak of salmonellosis across multiple U.S. states due to Salmonella enterica serovar Saintpaul. Over the course of the outbreak, 1442 cases...
agar (XLD agar) is a selective growth medium used in the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella species from clinical samples and from food. The agar was...
of salmonella have been found in ground turkey products. The Division of Animal and Food Microbiology Office of Research did a study on salmonella isolates...
specific antibodies obtained from an infected individual. In cases of Salmonella infection, it is a demonstration of the presence of O-soma false-positive...
The 2018 American salmonella outbreak was an American foodborne disaster that started in Iowa, spreading to 7 other states, sickening as many as 265 people...
Typhoid fever is caused by the salmonella enterica bacteria, serotype typhi, while paratyphoid fever is caused by the salmonella enterica bacteria, serotype...
antigens. For Salmonella, the O and H antigens are used. There are two species of Salmonella: Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. Salmonella enterica...
particular, Salmonella—it is recommended that a melon be washed and scrubbed thoroughly before cutting and consumption to prevent risk of Salmonella or other...
The 2012 outbreak of Salmonella took place in 15 places worldwide with over 2,300 strains identified. In general, the United States alone experiences 1...
with the product code "2111" on the lid, because they were linked to a Salmonella outbreak. Ultimately, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)...
due to the possibility that Salmonella bacteria may be present. Because of the risk of foodborne illness caused by Salmonella bacteria that may be present...
asymptomatic transmission. Numerous research publications have demonstrated how salmonella is able to remain in immune cells and alter their metabolic systems in...
individual bacteria involved as the following: Campylobacter jejuni 77.3%, Salmonella 20.9%, Escherichia coli O157:H7 1.4%, and all others less than 0.56%....
bacillary dysentery, salmonella strains that cause food poisoning and Salmonella Paratyphi. It is not so selective for Salmonella Typhi. This growth medium...
"Cadbury faces salmonella action". BBC News. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 6 September 2007. Walsh, Fiona (2 August 2006). "Salmonella outbreak...
Salmonella virus Fels2 is a virus of the family Myoviridae, genus Felsduovirus. As a member of the group I of the Baltimore classification, Salmonella...
were contaminated by Salmonella bacteria, some of it antibiotic-resistant. As most spices are cooked before being served salmonella contamination often...
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