One of three versions of the subject by Nicolas Régnier, c. 1625
Saint Sebastian Tended by Saint Irene is an incident in the legends of Saint Sebastian and Saint Irene of Rome.[1] It was not prominent in the hagiographical literature until the late Renaissance, and is hardly seen in art before then. As an artistic subject, normally in painting, it suddenly became popular from the 1610s, though found in predella scenes as early as the 15th century,[2] and was most popular until about the 1670s.
Trophime Bigot, 1620–1634, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, BordeauxMarco Antonio Bassetti, c. 1620
Though Sebastian is famously tied to a tree or post and shot with many arrows, in his story he always survives this, only to be killed with stones some time later;[3] these ordeals are sometimes called his "first" and "second martyrdom". The tending by Saint Irene takes place between these, after the archery, when she, normally accompanied by her maid, enters the story. She is shown either taking an unconscious Sebastian down from the tree or post to which he is tied or when he has been found a bed and his wounds are being treated. In both scenes Irene is usually shown pulling out one of the arrows. Sometimes she is shown putting ointment on the wounds; a jar of ointment was her attribute.[4] Both scenes are often shown taking place in darkness, and the treatment scene typically seems to take place in one of the catacombs of Rome, whose rediscovery was ongoing around 1600 (although the literary story specifies Irene's house).
Devotion to Saint Sebastian was driven by his reputation as a protector from the plague, which was still a very dangerous disease in 17th-century cities. Many of these images can be interpreted in the light of contemporary beliefs and practices around plague. They also reflect Counter-Reformation ideas about the role of women.
The subject gives emphasis to courageous initiative and useful activity by women, though of a type considered appropriate to their sex. Sebastian is either unconscious or helpless in nearly all depictions. This is very much in line with Counter-Reformation ideas, which encouraged saintly female role models who went beyond the largely passive victimhood of medieval depictions of female martyrs, expressing "the Counter-Reformatory desire to project Catholicism as a caring faith, with a visible dimension of social responsibility".[5]
^There are variant English phrasings of the translated titles of works, most often "cured by" or "healed by". The usual title in French is "Saint Sébastien soigné par Sainte Irène". In Italian and Spanish the standard title uses curato/curado, which are sometimes wrongly translated to English as "cured" rather than "cared for" etc.
^Boeckl, 77; Hedquist, § 28–29
^de Voragine, p. 108: "Then Diocletian made him to be brought into prison into his palace, and to beat him so sore with stones till he died"
^Hall, 162
^Hedquist, §30–34, 43–50; Oberlin (quoted); Stechow, W. (1954). Terbrugghen's 'Saint Sebastian'. The Burlington Magazine, 96(612), p. 70, JSTOR
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