Sad clown paradox information

The sad clown paradox is the contradictory association, in performers, between comedy and mental disorders such as depression and anxiety.^[1]^[2] For those affected, early life is characterised by feelings of deprivation and isolation, where comedy evolves as a release for tension, removing feelings of suppressed physical rage through a verbal outlet.^[3]

A series of psychological experiments first published in 1981 by the psychologist Seymour Fisher indicated certain behavioural traits exclusive to comedians and not matched in regular actors.^[4] Later work conducted by Kaufman and Kozbelt re-interpreted these results, drawing the understanding that whilst comedy serves as a coping mechanism to hide trauma, it may also motivate a comedian to use humour as a way of forming relations and gaining acceptance.^[5]

Humour has been shown to develop from a young age, fostered by parental behaviour.^[6] A parent's immature nature can lead to additional responsibilities forced onto children, which can evoke issues of self-worth and a need for acceptance.^[7] The constant search for approval may cause mental health issues such as anxiety or depression and when untreated can lead to suicide in extreme situations.^[8] Laughter can evolve as a medium for self-preservation, detaching the individual from any adversity faced allowing for perceived control over uncomfortable situations.^[9]

Sad clown paradox is characterised by a cyclothymic temperament, which encourages the creation of light-hearted humour in a professional setting, despite inner turmoil.^[10] The use of humour as a form of self-medication provides short periods of satisfaction, repeatedly needing to deal with inner turmoil.^[11] There is an ever-present anxiety amongst comedians that their popularity may disappear tomorrow and hence they may be driven to exhaustion in their work.^[11]

^ Janus, Samuel S. (1975). "The great comedians: Personality and other factors". The American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 35 (2): 169–174. doi:10.1007/bf01358189. ISSN 0002-9548. PMID 1190350. S2CID 20762581.
^ Janus, Samuel S.; Bess, Barbara E.; Janus, Beth R. (1978). "The great comediennes: Personality and other factors". The American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 38 (4): 367–372. doi:10.1007/bf01253595. ISSN 0002-9548. PMID 736178. S2CID 33561259.
^ Kaufman, Scott Barry; Kozbelt, Aaron (2009), "The Tears of a Clown: Understanding Comedy Writers", The Psychology of Creative Writing, Cambridge University Press, p. 94, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511627101.007, ISBN 9780511627101, S2CID 1280968
^ Fisher, Seymour (1981). Pretend the World Is Funny and Forever : a Psychological Analysis of Comedians, Clowns, and Actors. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. ISBN 9781317770053. OCLC 868490423.
^ Kaufman & Kozbelt 2009, p. 20.
^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Creed, Michael; Whitley, Rob (2016-09-06). "Assessing Fidelity to Suicide Reporting Guidelines in Canadian News Media: The Death of Robin Williams". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 62 (5): 313–317. doi:10.1177/0706743715621255. ISSN 0706-7437. PMC 5459225. PMID 27600531.
^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Janus 1975, p. 174.

[:0-1] Janus, Samuel S. (1975). "The great comedians: Personality and other factors". The American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 35 (2): 169–174. doi:10.1007/bf01358189. ISSN 0002-9548. PMID 1190350. S2CID 20762581.

[2] Janus, Samuel S.; Bess, Barbara E.; Janus, Beth R. (1978). "The great comediennes: Personality and other factors". The American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 38 (4): 367–372. doi:10.1007/bf01253595. ISSN 0002-9548. PMID 736178. S2CID 33561259.

[3] Kaufman, Scott Barry; Kozbelt, Aaron (2009), "The Tears of a Clown: Understanding Comedy Writers", The Psychology of Creative Writing, Cambridge University Press, p. 94, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511627101.007, ISBN 9780511627101, S2CID 1280968

[:3-4] Fisher, Seymour (1981). Pretend the World Is Funny and Forever : a Psychological Analysis of Comedians, Clowns, and Actors. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. ISBN 9781317770053. OCLC 868490423.

[FOOTNOTEKaufmanKozbelt200920-5] Kaufman & Kozbelt 2009, p. 20.

[:2-6] Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:4-7] Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[8] Creed, Michael; Whitley, Rob (2016-09-06). "Assessing Fidelity to Suicide Reporting Guidelines in Canadian News Media: The Death of Robin Williams". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 62 (5): 313–317. doi:10.1177/0706743715621255. ISSN 0706-7437. PMC 5459225. PMID 27600531.

[:5-9] Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:6-10] Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEJanus1975174-11] Janus 1975, p. 174.

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