A rusty bolt in the structure of an antenna may create radio interference, even if it is not in the direct electrical pathway.
The rusty bolt effect is a form of radio interference due to interactions of the radio waves with dirty connections or corroded parts.[1] It is more properly known as passive intermodulation,[1] and can result from a variety of different causes such as ferromagnetic conduction metals,[2] or nonlinear microwave absorbers and loads.[3] Corroded materials on antennas, waveguides, or even structural elements, can act as one or more diodes. (Crystal sets, early radio receivers, used the semiconductor properties of natural galena to demodulate the radio signal, and copper oxide was used in power rectifiers.) Galvanised fasteners and sheet roofing develop a coating of zinc oxide, a semiconductor commonly used for transient voltage suppression. This gives rise to undesired interference, including the generation of harmonics or intermodulation.[4] Rusty objects that should not be in the signal-path, including antenna structures, can also reradiate radio signals with harmonics and other unwanted signals.[5] As with all out-of-band noise, these spurious emissions can interfere with receivers.
This effect can cause radiated signals out of the desired band, even if the signal into a passive antenna is carefully band-limited.[6]
^ abLui, P.L., Passive intermodulation interference in communication systems, IEEE Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.109-118, Jun 1990. Available online.
^Henrie, J., Christianson, A. and Chappell, W. Engineered passive nonlinearities for broadband passive intermodulation distortion mitigation, Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 19, pp.614-616, 2009. Available online.
^Christianson, A. and Chappell, W. J. Measurement of ultra low passive intermodulation with ability to separate current/voltage induced nonlinearities, in IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society International Microwave Symposium, Boston, MA, 2009, pp. 1301-1304. Available online.
^Lui, P.L.; Rawlins, A.D., The field measurement of passive intermodulation products. Fifth International Conference on Mobile Radio and Personal Communications, 1989. pp.199-203, 11-14 Dec 1989. Available online.
^Johannessen, R.; Gale, S.J.; Asbury, M.J.A., Potential interference sources to GPS and solutions appropriate for applications to civil aviation. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.3-9, Jan 1990 Available online.
The rustybolteffect is a form of radio interference due to interactions of the radio waves with dirty connections or corroded parts. It is more properly...
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