Detached rusticles below port side anchor of the RMS Titanic
A rusticle is a formation of rust similar to an icicle or stalactite in appearance that occurs deep underwater when iron-loving bacteria attack and oxidize wrought iron and steel. They may be familiar from underwater photographs of shipwrecks, such as the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck. They have also been found in the #3 turret, 8-inch gun turret on the stern remains in place of the USS Indianapolis.[1] Rusticles are created by microbial organisms that consume iron.[2]
The word rusticle is a portmanteau of the words rust and icicle and was coined by Robert Ballard, who first observed them on the wreck of the Titanic in 1986.[3] Rusticles on the Titanic were first investigated in 1996 by Roy Cullimore, based at the University of Regina in Canada. A previously unknown species of bacteria living inside the Titanic's rusticles called Halomonas titanicae was discovered in 2010 by Henrietta Mann.[4]
Rusticles can form on any submerged steel object and have been seen on other subsea structures such as mooring chains[5] and subsea equipment. They form more rapidly in warmer climates and can form in water with little to no dissolved oxygen.[5]
^"USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter | PBS". Retrieved February 16, 2024.
^Cullimore, Dr. Roy; Lori Johnston (February 27, 2012). "Rusticles Thrive on the Titanic". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
^"New species of bacteria found in Titanic 'rusticles'". BBC News. 6 December 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^"Titanic being dissolved by newly ID'd bacteria". CBC News. December 6, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
^ ab"Microbiologically influenced corrosion of Gulf of Mexico mooring chain at 6,000 feet depths". Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
A rusticle is a formation of rust similar to an icicle or stalactite in appearance that occurs deep underwater when iron-loving bacteria attack and oxidize...
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private homes and to the National Library of Russia. Brinicle Ice spike Rusticle "Why Icicles Look the Way They Do". NY Times. 16 March 2015. Retrieved...
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ferrooxidans directly oxidizes iron to iron oxides and iron hydroxides; the rusticles forming on the RMS Titanic wreck are caused by bacterial activity. Other...
Titanic, where a newly identified microbe has been found within the "rusticles, the porous and delicate icicle-like structures that form on rusting iron...
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and well preserved in the depth. Her bow number 35 was seen by the ROV. Rusticles or oxidized wrought iron were found by the crew emerging from one of the...
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