Rubidium information

Rubidium, ₃₇Rb
Rubidium
Pronunciation	/ruːˈbɪdiəm/ (roo-BID-ee-əm)
Appearance	grey white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Rb)
	85.4678±0.0003; 85.468±0.001 (abridged);
Rubidium in the periodic table
	krypton ← rubidium → strontium
Atomic number (Z)	37
Group	group 1: hydrogen and alkali metals
Period	period 5
Block	s-block
Electron configuration	[Kr] 5s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 8, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	312.45 K (39.30 °C, 102.74 °F)
Boiling point	961 K (688 °C, 1270 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	1.534 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	1.46 g/cm3
Triple point	312.41 K, ? kPa
Critical point	2093 K, 16 MPa (extrapolated)
Heat of fusion	2.19 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	69 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	31.060 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 0.82
Ionization energies	1st: 403 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2632.1 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3859.4 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 248 pm
Covalent radius	220±9 pm
Van der Waals radius	303 pm
	Spectral lines of rubidium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2)
Lattice constant	a = 569.9 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	85.6×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	58.2 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	128 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+17.0×10−6 cm3/mol (303 K)
Young's modulus	2.4 GPa
Bulk modulus	2.5 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	1300 m/s (at 20 °C)
Mohs hardness	0.3
Brinell hardness	0.216 MPa
CAS Number	7440-17-7
History
Discovery	Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff (1861)
First isolation	George de Hevesy
Isotopes of rubidium v; e;
γ	–
β+	84Kr
γ	–
β−	84Sr
γ	–
	Category: Rubidium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Rubidium is a chemical element; it has symbol Rb and atomic number 37. It is a very soft, whitish-grey solid in the alkali metal group, similar to potassium and caesium.^[8] Rubidium is the first alkali metal in the group to have a density higher than water. On Earth, natural rubidium comprises two isotopes: 72% is a stable isotope ⁸⁵Rb, and 28% is slightly radioactive ⁸⁷Rb, with a half-life of 48.8 billion years—more than three times as long as the estimated age of the universe.

German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in 1861 by the newly developed technique, flame spectroscopy. The name comes from the Latin word rubidus, meaning deep red, the color of its emission spectrum. Rubidium's compounds have various chemical and electronic applications. Rubidium metal is easily vaporized and has a convenient spectral absorption range, making it a frequent target for laser manipulation of atoms.^[9] Rubidium is not a known nutrient for any living organisms. However, rubidium ions have similar properties and the same charge as potassium ions, and are actively taken up and treated by animal cells in similar ways.

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Rubidium". CIAAW. 1969.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ ^a ^b Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.122. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ Lenk, Winfried; Prinz, Horst; Steinmetz, Anja (2010). "Rubidium and Rubidium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_473.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ "Rubidium (Rb) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ®". American Elements: The Materials Science Company. Retrieved 2024-03-27.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Rubidium". CIAAW. 1969.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[b92-4] Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.122. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.

[magnet-5] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[6] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-7] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[8] Lenk, Winfried; Prinz, Horst; Steinmetz, Anja (2010). "Rubidium and Rubidium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_473.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[9] "Rubidium (Rb) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ®". American Elements: The Materials Science Company. Retrieved 2024-03-27.

Rubidium information

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Rubidium

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Rubidium standard

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Rubidium acetate

Rubidium chloride

Rubidium oxide

Alkali metal

Rubidium sulfate

Rubidium oxalate

Rubidium hydride

Rubidium pertechnetate

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Rubidium peroxide

Rubidium nitrate

Rubidium bromide

Rubidium ozonide

Rubidium permanganate

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Rubidium azide

Rubidium perchlorate

Rubidium iodide

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Rubidium sulfide

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Rubidium germanium iodide