For the American physician, see Robert Michels (physician).
Robert Michels
Born
(1876-01-09)9 January 1876
Cologne, German Empire
Died
3 May 1936(1936-05-03) (aged 60)
Rome, Italy
Academic background
Influences
Le Bon
Sorel
Pareto
Mosca
Loria
Sombart
Weber
Academic work
School or tradition
Italian school of elitism
Institutions
University of Marburg
University of Perugia
University of Turin
University of Basel
Notable works
Political Parties (1911)
Notable ideas
Iron law of oligarchy Moderation theory
Influenced
Bryce
Burnham
Duverger
McKenzie
Lipset
Neumann
Moldbug
Political party
Social Democratic Party of Germany (–1907) National Fascist Party (1924–1936)
Robert Michels (German:[ˈmɪçəls]; 9 January 1876 – 3 May 1936) was a German-born Italian sociologist who contributed to elite theory by describing the political behavior of intellectual elites.
He belonged to the Italian school of elitism.[1][2] He is best known for his book Political Parties, published in 1911, which contains a description of the "iron law of oligarchy."[3][4][5] He was a friend and disciple of Max Weber, Werner Sombart and Achille Loria.
Politically, he moved from the Social Democratic Party of Germany to the Italian Socialist Party, adhering to the Italian revolutionary syndicalist wing and later to Italian Fascism, which he saw as a more democratic form of socialism. His ideas provided the basis of moderation theory which delineates the processes through which radical political groups are incorporated into the existing political system.
^Nye, Robert A. (1977). The Anti-Democratic Sources of Elite Theory: Pareto, Mosca, Michels. London: SAGE Publications. p. 30.
^Chambliss, J. J., ed. (2013). Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. p. 179.
^May, John D. (1965). "Democracy, Organization, Michels". The American Political Science Review. 59 (2): 417–429. doi:10.2307/1953059. ISSN 0003-0554.
^Hands, Gordon (1971). "Roberto Michels and the Study of Political Parties". British Journal of Political Science. 1 (2): 155–172. ISSN 0007-1234.
^Cook, Philip J. (1971). "Robert Michels's Political Parties in Perspective". The Journal of Politics. 33 (3): 773–796. doi:10.2307/2128281. ISSN 0022-3816.
RobertMichels (German: [ˈmɪçəls]; 9 January 1876 – 3 May 1936) was a German-born Italian sociologist who contributed to elite theory by describing the...
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political theory first developed by the German-born Italian sociologist RobertMichels in his 1911 book Political Parties. It asserts that rule by an elite...
institutions. Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Gaetano Mosca (1858–1941), and RobertMichels (1876–1936), were cofounders of the Italian school of elitism, which...
Kriegsentfesselung 1914, 1985 In his book Political Parties, written in 1911, RobertMichels argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an oligarchy...
Dale RobertMichels (August 4, 1932 – April 8, 1998) was an American businessman who founded Michels Welding Company in 1959 which ultimately became Michels...
political parties have been completely dominated by RobertMichels' iron law of [oligarchy]." Michels work significantly influenced the views on political...
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study in 1983 by Fisher et al. Rapid eye movement sleep RobertMichels (1985). RobertMichels (ed.). Psychiatry. Vol. 1. Lippincott. p. 139. ISBN 9780397506866...
and Montesquieu, to Gaetano Mosca and Max Weber, Vilfredo Pareto and RobertMichels, on to James Bryce - with his Modern Democracies (1921) - and Carl Joachim...
constituting the Italian school of elitism together with Vilfredo Pareto and RobertMichels. Mosca earned a degree in law from the University of Palermo in 1881...
a legacy of various forms of colonialism. In the early 20th century RobertMichels re-articulated the Aristotelean and Rousseauvian theory that democracies...
new area drawing upon works by Alexis de Tocqueville, James Bryce, RobertMichels, Max Weber, Émile Durkheim, and Karl Marx to understand an integral...
population at large. In his book Political Parties, written in 1911, RobertMichels argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an oligarchy...
contemporary (1950s) United States; an organization that seemingly disproved RobertMichels' Iron law of oligarchy. The book addresses the factors that influence...
American Psychiatric Pub. p. 477. ISBN 978-1585622399. Roger A. MacKinnon; RobertMichels; Peter J. Buckley (2006). The Psychiatric Interview in Clinical Practice...
outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, RobertMichels, Moisey Ostrogorski). Hoffer, Eric, The True Believer: Thoughts on the...
scientist, historian, jurist and sociologist. Along with Max Weber and RobertMichels, he is considered one of the founders of political sociology, especially...
Sociological Review. April 9: Ferdinand Tönnies April 27: Karl Pearson May 3: RobertMichels May 8: Oswald Spengler Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard's Witchcraft, Oracles...
of requisite organization. The iron law of oligarchy, introduced by RobertMichels, describes the inevitable tendency of hierarchical organizations to...
Liberalism is published. György Lukács' The Soul and Its Forms is published. RobertMichels' Political Parties is published. Werner Sombart's Die Juden und das...
ancient glories and anticipated a shared and greater glory. In 1914, RobertMichels, an early revolutionary syndicalist who would later affiliate with the...
Rechte also refer to theorists like Georges Sorel, Vilfredo Pareto, RobertMichels, Julius Evola, and José Antonio Primo de Rivera seen as fascist pioneers...
political scientist RobertMichels who developed the mainstream political science theory of the iron law of oligarchy in 1911. Michels argued that oligarchy...
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