Ribhus (Sanskrit: ऋभु, ṛbhu, also Arbhu, Rbhus, Ribhuksan) is an ancient Indian word whose meaning evolved over time.[1] In early layers of the Vedic literature, it referred to a sun deity.[1] It evolved to being a wind deity, thereafter referred to three male artisans whose abilities and austerities make them into divinities in later Vedic texts.[1][2] Their individual names were Ribhu (or Rhibhu), Vaja and Vibhvan (also called Vibhu), but they were collectively called Rhibhus or Ribhus (ṛbhú-, pl. ṛbhava, also called Ribhuksan). Their name's meaning is "clever, skillful, inventive, prudent", cognate to Latin labor and Gothic arb-aiþs "labour, toil", and perhaps to English elf.[3]
Ribhus are depicted in some legends of the Vedic literature as three sons of the goddess of morning light named Saranyu and Hindu god Indra.[1] In other legends, such as in the Atharvaveda, they are sons of Sudhanvan, which means good archer.[1][4] In either legends, they are famous for their creative abilities, innovation and they design chariots, the magic cow of plenty, channels for rivers, and tools for Indra and other gods, which makes many envious.[1][5] In later Hindu mythology, the Ribhus are born in human form who then bring their innovation to earth, remain humble and kind.[1] This makes some gods angry and the Ribhus are refused entry back to heaven.[1] Other gods intervene and make the inventive Ribhus immortal. They are revered in ancient Hindu texts as sages, as stars, or rays of the sun.[1][4]
^ abcdefghiCharles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). "Ribhus". Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. Routledge. p. 918. ISBN 978-1-135-96397-2.
^HH Wilson (1866). Rig-Veda-Sanhita, The First Ashtaka or Book (2nd ed.). London: Trubner & Co. pp. 46–48 with footnotes, 284–285.
^suggested in OED
^ abRalph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith (1895). The Hymns of the Atharvaveda. E. J. Lazarus & Company. pp. 270 footnote 3 on The Sages. ISBN 9780524075036.
^HH Wilson (1866). Rig-Veda-Sanhita, The First Ashtaka or Book (2nd ed.). London: Trubner & Co. pp. 46–48 with footnotes, 135, 171, 283–287.
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