Global InformationRhodeus smithii information
| Rhodeus smithii | |
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Conservation status
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 Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1] | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Acheilognathinae |
| Genus: | Rhodeus |
| Species: | R. smithii
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| Binomial name | |
| Rhodeus smithii (Regan, 1908)
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| Synonyms | |
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Rhodeus smithii, sometimes known as the Japanese rosy bitterling, Japanese bitterling, or Nippon baratanago is a temperate freshwater fish belonging to the Acheilognathinae subfamily of the family Cyprinidae. It originates in stagnant waters in inland rivers in Japan. It was originally described as Achilognathus smithii by Charles Tate Regan in 1908, and is also referred to as Rhodeus ocellatus smithii in scientific literature.[2]
Named in honor of British traveler, sportsman and naturalist Richard Gordon Smith (1858-1918), who collected specimens in Japan for the British Museum (Natural History).[3]
It is listed as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List.[1] The fish reaches a length up to 6.5 centimetres (2.6 in), and is native to freshwater habitats with a pH of 6.8 to 7.8, a hardness of 20 DH, and a temperature of 10 to 25 °C (50 to 77 °F). When spawning, the females deposit their eggs inside bivalves, where they hatch and the young remain until they can swim.
It lives about three years and rarely exceeds this lifespan.[4]
It was widespread in the west side of Japan (Kyushu and western part of Honshū) before World War II. In 1942, the rosy bitterling was accidentally introduced with grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from mainland China.[5]
The two species are morphologically very similar, but several distinguishing characters are seen, such as the number of longitudinal scales, principal rays in the dorsal and anal fins, and shape of eggs. Also, rosy bitterling has a silvery-white area anteriorly (white lines) on the ventral fin, but R. smithii does not. In comparison, the ventral fin of R. smithii is a dark color.[6] Another notable difference is body size. R. smithii does not commonly exceed 60 mm (2.4 in) in length, whereas rosy bitterling males are larger than 80 mm (3.1 in) and females of the species commonly exceed 60 mm (2.4 in).[7]
- ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Rhodeus ocellatus ssp. smithii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T40704A10353075. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T40704A10353075.en. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Rhodeus smithii" in FishBase. February 2007 version.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (8 April 2024). "Family ACHEILOGNATHIDAE Bleeker 1863 (Bitterlings)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ Kimura, S., and Nagata, Y. 1992. Scientific name of Nippon baratanago, Japanese bitterling of the genus Rhodeus. Japan.J.Ichthyol. 38: 425-429
- ^ Kawamura, K., Nagata, Y., Ohtaka, H., Kanoh, Y., and Kitamura, J. 2001. Genetic diversity in the Japanese rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus (Cyprinidae). Ichthyol Res 48: 369-378
- ^ Nagata, Y., T. Tetsukawa, T. Kobayashi and K. Numachi. 1996. Genetic markers distinguishing between the two subspecies of the rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus(Cyprinidae). Japan. J. Ichthyol. 43: 117-124
- ^ Kimura, S., and Nagata, Y. 1992. Scientific name of Nippon baratanago, Japanese bitterling of the genus Rhodeus. Japan.J.Ichthyol. 38: 425-429