The geopolitical situation after the independence of Angola and Mozambique in 1975.
Rhodesia
South Africa and South West Africa
States giving governmental support to the guerrillas
Date
4 July 1964 – 12 December 1979[n 1] (15 years, 5 months, 1 week and 1 day)
Location
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)[n 2]
Zambia
Mozambique
Botswana
Result
Lancaster House Agreement
End to armed hostilities
Free elections with ZANU and ZAPU participation
Formation of Zimbabwe
Territorial changes
Rhodesia disestablished; Zimbabwe gains internationally recognised independence in its place.
Belligerents
Southern Rhodesia (1964–1965)
Rhodesia (1965–1979)
Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979)
Portugal (until 1974)[1][2]
South Africa (from 1967)[3]
Foreign volunteers (from 1973)
ZANU (ZANLA)[4]
ZAPU (ZIPRA)
People's Republic of Mozambique[5]
ANC (MK)[5]
Zambia[6]
Commanders and leaders
Ian Smith
P. K. van der Byl
Peter Walls
Mick McLaren
Frank Mussell
Ronald Reid-Daly
Ken Flower
Abel Muzorewa
Ndabaningi Sithole[a]
James Chikerema[b]
B. J. Vorster
P. W. Botha
Kaúlza de Arriaga
Robert Mugabe
Herbert Chitepo †
Josiah Tongogara
Ndabaningi Sithole[c]
Edgar Tekere
Solomon Mujuru
Samora Machel
Joshua Nkomo
James Chikerema[d]
Jason Moyo †
Lookout Masuku
Dumiso Dabengwa
Oliver Tambo
Joe Slovo
Strength
1979:[9]
10,800 regulars
15,000 reservists
8,000 police
19,000 police reservists
1979:[10]
25,500 guerrillas
1979:[9]
20,000 guerrillas
Casualties and losses
1,361 Rhodesian security forces members killed[11]
c. 10,000 guerrillas killed[11]
Around 20,000 people killed overall[12]
v
t
e
Rhodesian Bush War
First Phase (1964–1972)
Oberholzer murder
Sinoia
Pagoda
Yodel
Nickel
Cauldron
Flotilla
Griffin
Excess
Birch
Alcora Exercise
Panga
Second Phase (1972–1979)
Altena Farm
Whistlefield Farm
St Alberts School
Overload
Victoria Falls
Long John
Eland
Ignition
Hill 31
Aztec
Woolworths bombing
Odzanu Junction Farm
Dingo
Montclair Hotel
Vumba massacre
Flight 825
Snoopy
Gatling
Salisbury
Flight 827
Vanity
Beira
Chamber
Mineral
Placid
Motel
Uric
Miracle
Lancaster House
Quartz
Hectic
Related incidents
Nhari Rebellion
Cashel Helicopter Crash
Beira Patrol
The Rhodesian Bush War, also called the Second Chimurenga as well as the Zimbabwean War of Liberation,[13] was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979[n 1] in the unrecognised country of Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe-Rhodesia and now Zimbabwe).[n 2][24]
The conflict pitted three forces against one another: the Rhodesian white minority-led government of Ian Smith (later the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government of Bishop Abel Muzorewa); Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, the military wing of Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union; and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army of Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union.
The war and its subsequent Internal Settlement, signed in 1978 by Smith and Muzorewa, led to the implementation of universal suffrage in June 1979 and the end of white minority rule in Rhodesia, which was renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia under a black majority government. However, this new order failed to win international recognition and the war continued. Neither side achieved a military victory and a compromise was later reached.[25]
Negotiations between the government of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, the government of the United Kingdom, and Mugabe and Nkomo's united "Patriotic Front" took place at Lancaster House, London in December 1979, and the Lancaster House Agreement was signed. The country returned temporarily to British control and new elections were held under British and Commonwealth supervision in March 1980. ZANU won the election and Mugabe became the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980, when the country achieved internationally recognised independence.
^Wood 2008, p. 6.
^Smith 1997, pp. 109–116.
^Houser, George M. Rhodesia To Zimbabwe: A Chronology. New York: The Africa Fund, 1977, p. 7: ZAPU and the African National Congress of South Africa jointly began an armed struggle in northwestern Rhodesia centered in Wankie. This campaign lasted into 1968, with several hundred ZAPU and South African ANC guerrillas involved. South African troops entered Rhodesia to support the government. Prime Minister Vorster said: "We are good friends (with Rhodesia) and good friends know what their duty is when the neighbour's house is on fire."
^Norman 2003, p. 65.
^ abThomas 1995, pp. 16–17.
^"'Da mu nisam 'sredio' susret s Titom, Mugabe nikad ne bi priznao Hrvatsku': prekaljeni diplomat Frane Krnić za 'Slobodnu' otkrio svoje veze s nedavno preminulim liderom Zimbabvea". Slobodna Dalmacija. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ abSmith 1997, pp. 249–252.
^ abGrundy, Trevor (30 March 2006). "Death of a hero: James Chikerema 1925–2006". The Zimbabwean. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
^ abLohman & MacPherson 1983, Synopsis.
^Preston 2004, p. 66.
^ abThe Roots and Consequences of 20th-Century Warfare. ABC-CLIO. 6 September 2016. p. 417. ISBN 9781610698023.
^Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008.
^Kriger 1988, p. 304.
^Binda 2008, p. 38.
^Cilliers 1984, p. 4.
^Smith 1997, pp. 100–106.
^Sibanda 2005, p. 104.
^Sellström 1999, p. 337.
^Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008, p. 37.
^Williams & Hackland 1988, p. 50.
^"Rhodesia reverts to British rule". BBC News. London. 11 December 1979. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
^Palley 1966, pp. 742–743.
^Smith 1997, p. 305.
^Stearns 2002, p. 1069.
^Evans, M. (1992). "Making an African army: the case of Zimbabwe, 1980–87" (PDF). Peace, Politics and Violence in the New South Africa. African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific. Retrieved 26 December 2015. The Rhodesian-Zimbabwean bush war ended in a military stalemate. The ZANU government came to office following a Commonwealth-controlled ceasefire and a British-supervised election. As Mugabe put it: 'We did not win a military victory. We achieved a political settlement. A compromise.'
Cite error: There are <ref group=n> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=n}} template (see the help page). Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
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