General term for activities in connection with corporate or governmental innovation
For the video game mod, see Research and Development (mod).
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Cycle of research and developmentSpending on research and development as share of GDP (2015)
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD)[1] is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, and improving existing ones.[2][3] Research and development constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.
R&D activities differ from institution to institution, with two primary models[3] of an R&D department either staffed by engineers and tasked with directly developing new products, or staffed with industrial scientists and tasked with applied research in scientific or technological fields, which may facilitate future product development. R&D differs from the vast majority of corporate activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain return on investment.[4] However R&D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the market through the marketisation of new products.[3]R&D&I or R&D&i are also acronyms with the same general meaning of R&D and stand for research, development and innovation.[5][6][7]
^"Policy for research and technological development | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament". 31 March 2023.
^Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 223. ISBN 9780850451634.
^ abcStaff, Investopedia (2003-11-25). "Research And Development – R&D". Investopedia. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
^Yiu, L. M. Daphne; Lam, Hugo K. S.; Yeung, Andy C. L.; Cheng, T. C. E. (2020). "Enhancing the Financial Returns of R&D Investments through Operations Management". Production and Operations Management. 29 (7): 1658–1678. doi:10.1111/poms.13186. hdl:10397/89881. ISSN 1937-5956. S2CID 216529963.
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interpretation, and the researchanddevelopment (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies...
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by researchanddevelopment (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the...
includes preclinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the United States Food and Drug Administration for...
researchanddevelopment (R&D) for different years, mostly taken from the magazine Strategy+Business. The 10 companies with the highest researchand development...
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Advanced ResearchandDevelopment Authority (BARDA)' is a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) office responsible for the procurement and development...
for each province and city the ability to have their own researchanddevelopment departments become a part of the Regional Researchand Innovation Agency...
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