Young Housewife, oil painting on canvas by Alexey Tyranov, currently housed at the Russian Museum in St Petersburg, Russia (1840s)Part of the housework of a London housewife, 1941
Reproductive labor or work is often associated with care giving and domestic housework roles including cleaning, cooking, child care, and the unpaid domestic labor force.[1] The term has taken on a role in feminist philosophy and discourse as a way of calling attention to how women in particular are assigned to the domestic sphere, where the labor is reproductive and thus uncompensated and unrecognized in a capitalist system.[2] These theories have evolved as a parallel of histories focusing on the entrance of women into the labor force in the 1970s, providing an intersectionalist approach that recognizes that women have been a part of the labor force since before their incorporation into mainstream industry if reproductive labor is considered.[3]
Some Marxist anthropologists[4] and economists such as George Caffentzis[5] suggest that reproductive labor creates value in a similar way to the way in which productive labor creates value, by increasing the value of labor power. Economist Shirley P. Burggraf suggests additional value could be realized by replacing government support systems for the elderly (such as the US Social Security System) based on an individual's payroll tax contributions, with parental dividends proportional to the income of one's own children. Such a system could potentially achieve greater efficiency by introducing a return on investment for reproductive labor, thereby incentivizing the care and rearing of children.[6]
^Duffy, Mignon (2013). "Reproductive Labor". In Smith, Vicki (ed.). Sociology of Work: An Encyclopedia. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 1213ff. doi:10.4135/9781452276199.n260. ISBN 978-1-5063-2093-9.
^P., Burggraf, Shirley (1999). The feminine economy and economic man : reviving the role of family in the post-industrial age. Perseus Books. OCLC 1034666786.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Cite error: The named reference Duffy2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference GriffithPreibisch2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Caffentzis, George (2013). "On the Notion of a Crisis of Social Reproduction". In Letters of Blood and Fire: Work, Machines, and the Crisis of Capitalism. Oakland, CA: PM Press. pp. 268–72.
^Burggraf, Shirley (1997). The Feminine Economy and Economic Man (1st ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-0738200361.
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Reproductivelabor or work is often associated with care giving and domestic housework roles including cleaning, cooking, child care, and the unpaid domestic...
work within the waged capitalist economy. The idea of compensating reproductivelabor was present in the writing of socialists such as Charlotte Perkins...
completely biological, reproductive labor (partially) is. Debra Satz believes that reproductivelabor is "a special kind of labor that should not be treated according...
The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperm; and the female reproductive system which...
The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual...
a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. The division of labor creates specialized behavioral groups...
These societies have an overlap of adult generations, the division of reproductivelabor and cooperative caring of young. Usually insects, such as bees, ants...
distinct from the term as it is used in Marxist feminism to discuss reproductivelabor. In that application, it is used to explain the role of women in wider...
off to women and made their role more prescribed to domestic and reproductivelabor and less equal. The status of Aztec women in society was further altered...
eusocial taxon is one that exhibits overlapping adult generations, reproductive division of labor, cooperative care of young, and—in the most refined cases—a...
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in the reproduction of new offspring. The human female...
naturally from sex differences, which lead to a division of labor where women take on reproductivelabor and other domestic roles. Gender roles have varied historically...
credit associations such as tontine (money commons) and collectivizing reproductivelabor. In "Caliban and the Witch", Federici interprets the ascent of capitalism...
from their own families. This has led to an uneven distribution of reproductivelabor globally: in destination countries, immigrant women help address the...
black women were not only used for their physical labor, but for their sexual and reproductivelabor as well. "The rule that the children's status follows...
It uses three dimensions to measure opportunity cost: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation. The new index was introduced as...
launched the "domestic labour debate" by re-defining housework as reproductivelabor necessary to the functioning of capital, rendered invisible by its...
"Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers and the International Division of ReproductiveLabor". Gender and Society. 14 (4): 560–580. doi:10.1177/089124300014004005...
Reproductive suppression is the prevention or inhibition of reproduction in otherwise healthy adult individuals. It occurs in birds, mammals, and social...
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro...
Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health that vary amongst countries around the world. The World...
a system could theoretically introduce a return on investment for reproductivelabor, thereby incentivizing the care and rearing of children. The state...
Household Management Maid Nanny tax National Union of Domestic Employees Reproductivelabor French maid Geraldine Roberts "in service". Oxford English Dictionary...
(October 2009). "The Commodification of Intimacy: Marriage, Sex, and ReproductiveLabor". Annual Review of Anthropology. 38 (1): 49–64. doi:10.1146/annurev...
reducing the risk of obstructive labor. Creating education programs about reproduction and increasing access to reproductive services such as contraception...
from their own families. This has led to an uneven distribution of reproductivelabor globally: in destination countries, immigrant women help address the...
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, also known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, and officially designated as Republic...
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