Religion in Iran has been shaped by multiple religions and sects over the course of the country's history. Zoroastrianism was the main followed religion during the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC), Parthian Empire (247 BC - 113 AD), and Sasanian Empire (224-651 AD). Another Iranian religion known as Manichaeanism was present in Iran during this period. Jewish and Christian communities (the Church of the East) thrived, especially in the territories of northwestern, western, and southern Iran—mainly Caucasian Albania, Asoristan, Persian Armenia, and Caucasian Iberia. A significant number of Iranian peoples also adhered to Buddhism in what was then eastern Iran, such as the regions of Bactria and Sogdia.
Between 632-654 AD, the Rashidun Caliphate conquered Iran, and the next two centuries of Umayyad and Abbasid rule (as well as native Iranian rule during the Iranian Intermezzo) would see Iran, although initially resistant, gradually adopt Islam as the nation's predominant faith.
Sunni Islam was the predominant form of Islam before the devastating Mongol conquest (1219-1221 AD), but with the advent of the Safavid Empire (1501-1736) Shi'ism became the predominant faith in Iran.[1]
There have been a number of surveys on the current religious makeup of Iran. Those using telephone and face-to-face survey modes show a very high percentage of Iranian identifying as Muslim—99.98% (the official 2011 Iranian government census, whose numbers were used by the CIA World Factbook),[2] 96.6% (2020 survey by the World Values Survey),[3] 96%, with 85% of the overall population identifying as Shias and with 11% of the population identifying as Sunnis (The Gulf/2000 Project under the University of Columbia). Online surveys conducted by GAMAAN between 2020 and 2022, however, found percentages ranging from 32% to 56% self-identified Shia Muslims, depending on how the question was formulated.[4][5]
In 2024, Iran was scored zero out of 4 for religious freedom by Freedom House.[6] Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism are officially recognized and protected, and have reserved seats in the Iranian parliament.[7] Iran is home to the second largest Jewish community in the Muslim world and the Middle East.[8] The three largest non-Muslim religious minorities in Iran are the followers of the Baháʼí Faith, Christianity and Yarsani.[9] Starting sometime after 1844, The Baháʼí community, became the largest religious minority group in Iran,[10] has been persecuted during its existence and is not recognized as a faith by the Iranian government.[11][12][13][14]
^Fensham, F. Charles, "The books of Ezra and Nehemiah" (Eerdmans, 1982) p. 1
^"Iran", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-05-02, retrieved 2023-05-10
^"WVS Database".
^"IRANIANS' ATTITUDES TOWARD RELIGION: A 2020 SURVEY REPORT". گَمان - گروه مطالعات افکارسنجی ایرانیان (in Persian). 2020-09-09. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
^Stausberg, Michael; Arab, Pooyan Tamimi; Maleki, Ammar (August 2023). "Survey Zoroastrians: Online Religious Identification in the Islamic Republic of Iran". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 62 (4): 823–844. doi:10.1111/jssr.12870. hdl:11250/3094992. ISSN 0021-8294.
^"Iran: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
^Colin Brock, Lila Zia Levers. Aspects of Education in the Middle East and Africa Symposium Books Ltd, 7 mei 2007 ISBN 1873927215 p. 99
^"Jewish Population of the World". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
^US State Dept 2022 report
^Kavian Milani (2012). "Bahaʼi (sic) Discourses on the Constitutional Revolution". In Dominic Parviz Brookshaw, Seena B. Fazel (ed.). The Bahaʼis (sic) of Iran: Socio-Historical Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9781134250004.
^United Nations (2005-11-02) Human rights questions: human rights situations and reports of special rapporteurs and representatives Archived 2006-11-09 at the Wayback Machine General Assembly, Sixtieth session, Third Committee. A/C.3/60/L.45
^Akhavi, Shahrough (1980). Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran: clergy-state relations in the Pahlavi period. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-87395-408-4.
^Tavakoli-Targhi, Mohamed (2001). "Anti-Baháʼísm and Islamism in Iran, 1941–1955". Iran-Nameh. 19 (1): 79–124.
^Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee (23 February 2006). Human Rights Annual Report 2005: First Report of Session 2005–06; Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence. The Stationery Office. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-215-02759-7.
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