Global InformationRadical Republicans information
Radical Republicans | |
|---|---|
| Leader(s) | • John C. Frémont • Benjamin Wade • Henry Winter Davis • Charles Sumner • Thaddeus Stevens • Hannibal Hamlin • Ulysses S. Grant |
| Founded | 1854 |
| Dissolved | 1877 |
| Merged into | Republican Party |
| Succeeded by | Stalwart faction of the Republican Party |
| Ideology | Radicalism Abolitionism[1] Pro-Reconstruction[2] Unconditional Unionism Developmentalism[3] Free labor ideology[4] |
| National affiliation | Republican Party |
| |
The Radical Republicans (later also known as "Stalwarts"[5][6]) were a faction within the Republican Party originating from the party's founding in 1854—some six years before the Civil War—until the Compromise of 1877, which effectively ended Reconstruction. They called themselves "Radicals" because of their goal of immediate, complete, and permanent eradication of slavery in the United States. They were opposed during the war by the Moderate Republicans (led by President Abraham Lincoln), and by the Democratic Party. Radicals led efforts after the war to establish civil rights for former slaves and fully implement emancipation. After unsuccessful measures in 1866 resulted in violence against former slaves in the rebel states, Radicals pushed the Fourteenth Amendment for statutory protections through Congress. They opposed allowing ex-Confederate officers to retake political power in the Southern U.S., and emphasized equality, civil rights and voting rights for the "freedmen", i.e., former slaves who had been freed during or after the Civil War by the Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment.[7]
During the war, Radicals opposed Lincoln's initial selection of General George B. McClellan for top command of the major eastern Army of the Potomac and Lincoln's efforts in 1864 to bring seceded Southern states back into the Union as quickly and easily as possible. Lincoln later recognized McClellan as unfit and relieved him of his command. The Radicals tried passing their own Reconstruction plan through Congress in 1864. Lincoln vetoed it, as he was putting his own policy in effect through his power as military commander-in-chief. Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865.[8] Radicals pushed for the uncompensated abolition of slavery, while Lincoln wanted to pay slave owners who were loyal to the Union. They keenly fought Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson. After Johnson vetoed various congressional acts favoring citizenship for freedmen, the Radicals attempted to remove him from office through impeachment, which failed by one vote in 1868.
- ^ "Radical Republican". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
Radical Republican, during and after the American Civil War, a member of the Republican Party committed to emancipation of the slaves and later to the equal treatment and enfranchisement of the freed blacks.
- ^ "The Radical Republicans". battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. 30 June 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
As the end of the war drew near, the Radicals strongly disagreed with President Lincoln's proposed post-war Reconstruction plans. Whereas Lincoln wanted to peacefully recreate coexistence between the Union and the Confederate States, the Radical Republicans felt that the rebel states needed a strong hand of justice and the administration of harsh punishments for their actions.
- ^ Foner, pp. 44, 429
- ^ Foner, p. 26
- ^ John G. Sproat, "'Old Ideals' and 'New Realities' in the Gilded Age," Reviews in American History, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Dec., 1973), pp. 565–570
- ^ Riddleberger, Patrick W. (April 1959). "The Break in the Radical Ranks: Liberals vs Stalwarts in the Election of 1872". The Journal of Negro History. 44 (2): 136–157. doi:10.2307/2716035. JSTOR 2716035. S2CID 149957268.
- ^ Trefousse, Hans (1991). Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction. pp. 175–176.
- ^ William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (1997), pp. 123–170.