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Racism in South Africa can be traced back to the earliest historical accounts of interactions between African, Asian, and European peoples along the coast of Southern Africa.[1][2] It has existed throughout several centuries of the history of South Africa,[1][2] dating back to the Dutch colonization of Southern Africa, which started in 1652.[1][2] Before universal suffrage was achieved in 1994, White South Africans, especially Afrikaners during the period of Apartheid, enjoyed various legally or socially sanctioned privileges and rights that were denied to the indigenous African peoples.[1][2][3] Examples of systematic racism over the course of South Africa's history include forced removals, racial inequality and segregation, uneven resource distribution, and disenfranchisement.[2][3] Racial controversies and politics remain major phenomena in the country.[2][3][4]
^ abcdHouston, Gregory (2022). "Racial Privilege in Apartheid South Africa". In Houston, Gregory; Kanyane, Modimowabarwa; Davids, Yul Derek (eds.). Paradise Lost: Race and Racism in Post-apartheid South Africa. Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies. Vol. 28. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 35–72. doi:10.1163/9789004515949_003. ISBN 978-90-04-51594-9. ISSN 1574-6925.
^ abcdefBradshaw, Debbie; Norman, Rosana; Laubscher, Ria; Schneider, Michelle; Mbananga, Nolwazi; Steyn, Krisela (2004). "Chapter 19: An Exploratory Investigation into Racial Disparities in the Health of Older South Africans". In Anderson, N. B.; Bulatao, R. A.; Cohen, B. (eds.). Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press on behalf of the National Research Council Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life. pp. 703–736. doi:10.17226/11086. ISBN 978-0-309-16570-9. PMID 20669464. NBK25536.
^ abc"Race in South Africa: 'We haven't learnt we are human beings first'". BBC News. London. 21 January 2021. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
^Kaziboni, Anthony (2022). "Apartheid Racism and Post-apartheid Xenophobia: Bridging the Gap". In Rugunanan, Pragna; Xulu-Gama, Nomkhosi (eds.). Migration in Southern Africa: IMISCOE Regional Reader. IMISCOE Research Series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 201–213. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92114-9_14. ISBN 978-3-030-92114-9. ISSN 2364-4095.
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