Global InformationQuality assurance information
Quality assurance (QA) is the term used in both manufacturing and service industries to describe the systematic efforts taken to assure that the product(s) delivered to customer(s) meet with the contractual and other agreed upon performance, design, reliability, and maintainability expectations of that customer. The core purpose of Quality Assurance is to prevent mistakes and defects in the development and production of both manufactured products, such as automobiles and shoes, and delivered services, such as automotive repair and athletic shoe design. Assuring quality and therefore avoiding problems and delays when delivering products or services to customers is what ISO 9000 defines as that "part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled".[1] This defect prevention aspect of quality assurance differs from the defect detection aspect of quality control and has been referred to as a shift left since it focuses on quality efforts earlier in product development and production (i.e., a shift to the left of a linear process diagram reading left to right)[2] and on avoiding defects in the first place rather than correcting them after the fact.
The terms "quality assurance" and "quality control" are often used interchangeably to refer to ways of ensuring the quality of a service or product.[3] For instance, the term "assurance" is often used in a context such as: Implementation of inspection and structured testing as a measure of quality assurance in a television set software project at Philips Semiconductors is described.[4] where inspection and structured testing are the measurement phase of a quality assurance strategy referred to as the DMAIC model (define, measure, analyze, improve, control). DMAIC is a data-driven quality strategy used to improve processes.[5] The term "control" is the fifth phase of this strategy.
Quality assurance comprises administrative and procedural activities implemented in a quality system so that requirements and goals for a product, service or activity will be accomplished.[3] It is the systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, and monitoring of processes in an associated feedback loop that confers error prevention.[6] This can be contrasted with quality control, which is focused on process output.[7]
Quality assurance includes two principles: "fit for purpose" (the product should be suitable for the intended purpose); and "right first time" (mistakes should be eliminated). QA includes management of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management, production and inspection processes.[8] The two principles also manifest before the background of developing (engineering) a novel technical product: The task of engineering is to make it work once, while the task of quality assurance is to make it work all the time.[9]
Historically, defining what suitable product or service quality means has been a more difficult process, determined in many ways, from the subjective user-based approach that contains "the different weights that individuals normally attach to quality characteristics," to the value-based approach which finds consumers linking quality to price and making overall conclusions of quality based on such a relationship.[10]
- ^ ISO 9000:2005, Clause 3.2.11
- ^ Smith, Larry (2001). "Shift-Left Testing".
- ^ a b "Quality Assurance vs Quality Control – Learning Resources – ASQ".
- ^ "ASQ – Practical Quality Assurance for Embedded Software".
- ^ "Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC Approach) – ASQ".
- ^ The Marketing Accountability Standards Board (MASB) endorses this definition as part of its ongoing Common Language in Marketing Project.
- ^ "Quality Assurance vs Quality Control: Definitions & Differences | ASQ". asq.org. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
- ^ Stebbing, L. (1993). Quality Assurance: The Route to Efficiency and Competitiveness (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-13-334559-9.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
pajsepwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Garvin, D.A. (15 October 1984). "What Does "Product Quality" Really Mean?". MIT Sloan Management Review. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 29 November 2017.