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Pupfish
Desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Cyprinodontiformes
Suborder:
Cyprinodontoidei
Family:
Cyprinodontidae T. N. Gill, 1865
Pupfish are a group of small killifish belonging to ten genera of the family Cyprinodontidae of ray-finned fish. Pupfish are especially noted for being found in extreme and isolated situations.[1] They are primarily found in North America, South America, and the Caribbean region, but Aphanius species are from southwestern Asia, northern Africa, and southern Europe. As of August 2006, 120 nominal species and 9 subspecies were known. Several pupfish species are extinct and most extant species are listed. In the U.S., the most well-known pupfish species may be the Devils Hole pupfish, native to Devils Hole on the Nevada side of Death Valley National Park. Since 1995 the Devils Hole pupfish has been in a nearly steady decline, where it was close to extinction at 35–68 fish in 2013.[2]
Warm Springs pupfish recovery plan art
The common name is said to derive from the mating habits of the males, whose activities vaguely resemble puppies at play;[3] Carl L. Hubbs, a prominent ichthyologist and one of the first people to take an interest in them, coined the name after he observed their "playful" circling and tussling, which is actually the aggressive behavior of territorial males.[4][5]
Now extinct, this was the last male Catarina pupfish (Megupsilon aporus) which died in 2014
In spite of their name, the cyprinodontids are not closely related to Cyprinidae, or carp family. They were formerly considered near allies of the pikes and their relatives, as they share some features: a flat head with protractile mouth beset with cardiform, villiform, or compressed, bi- or tricuspid teeth, generally large scales, and the absence of a well-developed lateral line. However, they are now generally assigned to the order Cyprinodontiformes. Several forms occur in the fossil records of the Oligocene and Miocene beds of Europe.[6] Pupfish from San Salvador Island were able to diversify into multiple species with different eating habits due to interbreeding with pupfish from other islands, mainly Caribbean.[7]
Most pupfish are inhabitants of fresh and brackish waters. Many species are ovoviviparous; often the sexes are dissimilar, the female being larger and less brilliantly coloured, with smaller fins; the anal fin of the male may be modified into an intromittent organ by means of which internal fertilization takes place.[6] Most pupfishes' diet consists, mainly, of algae, decaying vegetation, and any insects they can get.
^McGinnis, Samuel M. (2006). Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of California (Revised ed.). University of California Press. p. 271.
^Beissinger SR. 2014. Digging the pupfish out of its hole: risk analyses to guide harvest of Devils Hole pupfish for captive breeding.
^Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. Academic Press. p. 348.
^Moyle, Peter B. (2002). Inland Fishes of California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 326–239. ISBN 0-520-22754-9.
^Barlow, George W. (1961). "Social behavior of the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius, in the field and in the aquarium". American Midland Naturalist. 65 (2): 330–359. doi:10.2307/2422959. JSTOR 2422959.
^ abOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Boulenger, George Albert (1911). "Cyprinodonts". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 695.
^"San Salvador pupfish acquired genetic variation from island fish to eat new foods". ScienceDaily. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Pupfish are a group of small killifish belonging to ten genera of the family Cyprinodontidae of ray-finned fish. Pupfish are especially noted for being...
The Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) is a critically endangered species of the family Cyprinodontidae (pupfishes) found only in Devils Hole,...
The desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius) is a rare species of bony fish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is a small fish, typically less than 7.62 cm...
The Death Valley pupfish (Cyprinodon salinus), also known as Salt Creek pupfish, is a small species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae found only in...
the only naturally occurring population of the endangered Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis). The 40 acres (16 ha) unit is part of the Ash Meadows...
Cyprinodon nevadensis is a species of pupfish in the genus Cyprinodon. The species is also known as the Amargosa pupfish, but that name may also refer to one...
Tecopa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae) is an extinct subspecies of the Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis). The small, heat-tolerant pupfish was...
The Owens pupfish (Cyprinodon radiosus) is a rare species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae, the pupfish. It is endemic to California in the United...
Cyprinodon longidorsalis, the cachorrito de charco palmal or La Palma pupfish, is a species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It was endemic to the...
Potosi pupfish (Cyprinodon alvarezi) is a species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico, but is now extinct in the wild, only...
Eustis and the nearby lakes is the sole home of a species of pupfish named the Lake Eustis pupfish (cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi). The Florida Fish and Wildlife...
The Charco Palma pupfish (Cyprinodon veronicae) is a species of small fish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic to the Ojo de Agua la Presa in...
The Parras pupfish (Cyprinodon latifasciatus) is a small species of freshwater pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic to the Laguna de Mayrán...
(Whitefin pupfish) Cyprinodon alvarezi R. R. Miller, 1976 (Potosi pupfish) †Cyprinodon arcuatus W. L. Minckley & R. R. Miller, 2002 (Santa Cruz pupfish) Cyprinodon...
The Shoshone pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis shoshone) is a subspecies of Cyprinodon nevadensis from California in the United States. It is characterized...
The Pecos pupfish (Cyprinodon pecosensis) is a species of pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic to the Pecos River watershed in eastern...
The bighead pupfish (Cyprinodon pachycephalus), known in Spanish as cachorrito cabezon, is a critically endangered species of pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae...
The Carbonera pupfish (Cyprinodon fontinalis), also known as the Perrito de carbonera, is a small, endangered species of pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae...
The Catarina pupfish (Megupsilon aporus) was a diminutive species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae, first described in 1972. It was endemic to a...
The Comanche Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon elegans) is a species of pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic to Texas, and is now found only...
Cyprinodon ceciliae (common names include Villa Lopez pupfish and violet pupfish) is an extinct species of pupfish. It was endemic to the Ojo de Agua la Presa in...
The largescale pupfish (Cyprinodon macrolepis) is a species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae. This pupfish is endemic to Chihuahua in Mexico, where...
The boxer pupfish (Cyprinodon simus) is a small species of pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic to Lake Chichancanab in Quintana Roo, Mexico...
The Sonoyta pupfish or Quitobaquito pupfish (Cyprinodon eremus) is an endangered species of pupfish from Sonora in Mexico and Arizona in the United States...
species belonging to that family have their own common names, such as the pupfish and the mummichog. Killifish are found mainly in fresh or brackish waters...
The Cachorrito de la Trinidad, also known in English as the Charco Azul pupfish (Cyprinodon inmemoriam), was a small species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae...
The Nazas pupfish (Cyprinodon nazas), known in Spanish as cachorrito del aguanaval, is a species of pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic...
Cyprinodon arcuatus (Santa Cruz pupfish) is a species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It was endemic to the Santa Cruz River in Arizona. It has...
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