For other uses, see Public domain (disambiguation).
For the content guidelines regarding the use of public domain content on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Public domain.
Intellectual property
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Supplementary protection certificate
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Abandonware
Artificial intelligence and copyright
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Idea–expression distinction
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Public domain
Outline of intellectual property
Outline of patents
Higher categories: Property and Property law
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The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired,[1] been forfeited,[2] expressly waived, or may be inapplicable.[3] Because no one holds the exclusive rights, anyone can legally use or reference those works without permission.
As examples, the works of William Shakespeare, Ludwig van Beethoven, Miguel de Cervantes, Zoroaster, Lao Zi, Confucius, Aristotle, L. Frank Baum, Leonardo da Vinci and Georges Méliès are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed, or by their copyright term having expired.[1] Some works are not covered by a country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the public domain; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of Newtonian physics and cooking recipes.[4] Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see waiver); examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms,[5][6][7] and the image-processing software ImageJ (created by the National Institutes of Health).[8] The term public domain is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission".
As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain status for a work in that country. The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the public sphere or commons, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".[9]
^ abBoyle, James (2008). The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. CSPD. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-300-13740-8. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015.
^Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-84720-921-4. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
^unprotected Archived 2 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine on bitlaw.com
^Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases Archived 5 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine on copyright.gov "Listings of ingredients, as in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains uncopyrightable."
^SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine "Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on 21 August at the First AES Candidate Conference." (1999)
^KeccakReferenceAndOptimized-3.2.zip Archived 30 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine mainReference.c "The Keccak sponge function, designed by Guido Bertoni, Joan, Michaël Peeters and Gilles Van Assche. For more information, feedback or questions, please refer to our website: http://keccak.noekeon.org/Implementation[permanent dead link] by the designers, Herbert demoted as "the implementer". To the extent possible under law, the implementer has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to the source code in this file. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/""Creative Commons — CC0 1.0 Universal". Retrieved 23 February 2016.[permanent dead link]
^skein_NIST_CD_121508.zip Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine on skein-hash.info, skein.c "Implementation of the Skein hash function. Source code author: Doug Whiting, 2008. This algorithm and source code is released to the public domain."
^disclaimer Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine on rsb.info.nih.gov
^Cite error: The named reference Ronan 2006 103 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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copyright expires, it enters the publicdomain. The following is a list of creators whose works enter the publicdomain in 2028. Since laws vary globally...
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subject to copyright, but those listed here are believed to be in the publicdomain in the United States. This means that no government, organization, or...
copyright expires, it enters the publicdomain. The following is a list of creators whose works enter the publicdomain in 2027. Since laws vary globally...
PublicDomain Mark (PDM) is a symbol used to indicate that a work is free of known copyright restrictions and therefore in the publicdomain. It is analogous...
Paying publicdomain (French: Domaine public payant, Spanish: dominio público pagante) is a copyright regime where copies, presentations or performances...
the publicdomain in 2024. Sound recordings that were published in 1923 enter the publicdomain. The most famous work to enter the publicdomain in the...
copyright expires, it enters the publicdomain. The following is a list of creators whose works enter the publicdomain in 2020. Since laws vary globally...
managers Eminent domain, the right of a government to appropriate another person's property for public use Private domain / Publicdomain, places defined...
work's copyright expires, it enters the publicdomain. The following is a list of works that entered the publicdomain in 2006. Since laws vary globally, the...
work's copyright expires, it enters the publicdomain. The following is a list of works that entered the publicdomain in 2018. Since laws vary globally, the...
The Choral PublicDomain Library (CPDL) is a sheet music archive which focuses on choral and vocal music in the publicdomain or otherwise freely available...
of animated films in the publicdomain in the United States for which there is a source to verify its status as publicdomain under the terms of U.S. copyright...
list of authors whose works entered the publicdomain in part of the world in 2015. A work enters the publicdomain in most European countries (with the...