Not to be confused with Theropoda (dinosaurs), Pteropodidae (megabats), or Pterosaur (extinct flying reptiles).
Pteropoda
Temporal range: Campanian–Recent
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A sea angel of the species Clione limacina
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Heterobranchia
Clade:
Euopisthobranchia
Order:
Pteropoda Cuvier (1804)
Pteropoda (common name pteropods, from the Greek meaning "wing-foot") are specialized free-swimming pelagic sea snails and sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropods. Most live in the top 10 m of the ocean and are less than 1 cm long. The monophyly of Pteropoda is the subject of a lengthy debate; they have even been considered as paraphyletic with respect to cephalopods.[1] Current consensus, guided by molecular studies, leans towards interpreting the group as monophyletic.[2]
Pteropoda encompasses the two clades Thecosomata, the sea butterflies, and Gymnosomata, the sea angels. The Thecosomata (lit. "case-body"[3]) have a shell, while the Gymnosomata ("naked body") do not. The two clades may or may not be sister taxa; if not, their similarity (in that they are both pelagic, small, and transparent, and both groups swim using wing-like flaps (parapodia) which protrude from their bodies) may reflect convergent adaptation to their particular lifestyle.
^Wägele, Heike; Klussmann-Kolb, Annette; Verbeek, Eva; Schrödl, Michael (2013). "Flashback and foreshadowing – a review of the taxon Opisthobranchia". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 14: 133–149. doi:10.1007/s13127-013-0151-5.
^Klussmann-Kolb, A.; Dinapoli, A. (2006). "Systematic position of the pelagic Thecosomata and Gymnosomata within Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) - revival of the Pteropoda". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 44 (2): 118. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00351.x.
^"theco-". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Pteropoda (common name pteropods, from the Greek meaning "wing-foot") are specialized free-swimming pelagic sea snails and sea slugs, marine opisthobranch...
known as holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod mollusks, in the order Pteropoda (also included within the informal group Opisthobranchia). Most pteropods...
include both Thecosomata and Gymnosomata as separate branches of the order Pteropoda, whereas others list them as distinct orders within the subclass Heterobranchia...
belonging to the family Asteraceae. The only species is '''Ananthura pteropoda'''. Its native range is Kenya to Southern Tropical Africa. "Ananthura...
Euopisthobranchia consist of the following taxa: Umbraculoidea Anaspidea Runcinacea Pteropoda Cephalaspidea s.s. Previous studies discussed the gizzard (i.e. a muscular...
Pitcairnia pteropoda is a plant species in the genus Pitcairnia. This species is endemic to Mexico. Espejo-Serna, Adolfo; López-Ferrari, Ana Rosa; Ramírez-morillo...
Empis pteropoda is a species of fly in the family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus Leptempis. It is found in the Palearctic. Chandler, Peter...
Notobranchaea bleekerae n. sp., a species new to science (Gastropoda, Pteropoda)". Basteria. 49: 29–36. Burridge, Alice; Hörnlein, Christine; Janssen...
S. Challenger (1873-1876), Zoology, part LVIII (1887) : Report on the Pteropoda by Paul Pelseneer WoRMS : Cliopsis krohnii Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet...
Peracle reticulata is a species of Pteropoda, a form of sea snail. The species lives in deep waters, approximately 900 meters below sea level. It lives...
taxonomic unit used to classify sea snails. It is a suborder of the order Pteropoda. Cavolinioidea Gray, 1850 (1815) Limacinoidea Gray, 1840 MolluscaBase...
Superorder Siphonarimorpha Family Aplysiidae Order Cephalaspidea Order Pteropoda Family Runcinidae Family Umbraculidae "WoRMS - World Register of Marine...
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