Psychrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, osmotolerant, oxidase-positive, psychrophilic or psychrotolerant, aerobic bacteria which belong to the family Moraxellaceae and the class Gammaproteobacteria.[1][2][3][4] The shape is typically cocci or coccobacilli.[5] Some of those bacteria were isolated from humans and can cause humans infections such as endocarditis and peritonitis.[6][7] This genus of bacteria is able to grow at temperatures between −10 and 42 °C.[8] Rudi Rossau found through DNA-rRNA hybridization analysis that Psychrobacter belongs to the Moraxellaceae.[9] The first species (Psychrobacter immobilis) was described by Juni and Heym.[10]Psychrobacter occur in wide range of moist, cold saline habitats,[8][11] but they also occur in warm and slightly saline habitats.[4][12]
Hypoacylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Psychrobacter cryohalolentis and Psychrobacter arcticus induces moderate TLR4-mediated inflammatory response in macrophages and such LPS bioactivity may potentially result in the failure of local and systemic bacterial clearance in patients.[13]
Species include:[1]
Psychrobacter adeliensis
Psychrobacter aestuarii
Psychrobacter alimentarius
Psychrobacter aquaticus
Psychrobacter aquimaris
Psychrobacter arcticus
Psychrobacter arenosus
Psychrobacter celer
Psychrobacter cibarius
Psychrobacter ciconiae
Psychrobacter cryohalolentis
Psychrobacter faecalis
Psychrobacter fozii
Psychrobacter frigidicola
Psychrobacter fulvigenes
Psychrobacter glaciei
Psychrobacter glacincola
Psychrobacter immobilis
Psychrobacter jeotgali
Psychrobacter luti
Psychrobacter lutiphocae
Psychrobacter marincola
Psychrobacter maritimus
Psychrobacter namhaensis
Psychrobacter nivimaris
Psychrobacter oceani
Psychrobacter okhotskensis
Psychrobacter pacificensis
Psychrobacter pasteurii
Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus
Psychrobacter piechaudii
Psychrobacter piscatorii
Psychrobacter pocilloporae
Psychrobacter proteolyticus
Psychrobacter pygoscelis
Psychrobacter pulmonis
Psychrobacter salsus
Psychrobacter sanguinis
Psychrobacter submarinus
Psychrobacter urativorans
Psychrobacter vallis
^ abcParte, A.C. "Psychrobacter". LPSN.
^Maruyama, A.; Honda, D.; Yamamoto, H.; Kitamura, K.; Higashihara, T. (2000). "Phylogenetic analysis of psychrophilic bacteria isolated from the Japan Trench, including a description of the deep-sea species Psychrobacter pacificensis sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (2): 835–46. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-2-835. PMID 10758895.
^Bozal, N. (2003). "Characterization of several Psychrobacter strains isolated from Antarctic environments and description of Psychrobacter luti sp. nov. And Psychrobacter fozii sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (4): 1093–1100. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02457-0. PMID 12892132.
^ abBowman, J. P. (2006). "The Genus Psychrobacter". The Prokaryotes. pp. 920–930. doi:10.1007/0-387-30746-X_35. ISBN 978-0-387-25496-8.
^Psychrobacter immobilis isolated from foods: characteristics and identification Vet. Med. - Czech, 46, 2001 (4):95-100
^Elmer W. Koneman (11 January 2005). Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (6 ed.). Lippencott Williams & Wil. ISBN 0781730147.
^ATCC
^ abKim, S. J.; Shin, S. C.; Hong, S. G.; Lee, Y. M.; Choi, I. -G.; Park, H. (2012). "Genome Sequence of a Novel Member of the Genus Psychrobacter Isolated from Antarctic Soil". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (9): 2403. doi:10.1128/JB.00234-12. PMC 3347060. PMID 22493207.
^Romanenko, L. A. (2002). "Psychrobacter submarinus sp. nov. And Psychrobacter marincola sp. nov., psychrophilic halophiles from marine environments". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (4): 1291–1297. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02087-0. PMID 12148642.
^Juni, E.; Heym, G. A. (1986). "Psychrobacter immobilis gen. nov., sp. nov.: Genospecies Composed of Gram-Negative, Aerobic, Oxidase-Positive Coccobacilli". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 36 (3): 388. doi:10.1099/00207713-36-3-388.
^Martin Dworkin; Stanley Falkow; Eugene Rosenberg; Karl-Heinz Schleifer; Erko Stackebrandt (2006-09-28). The Prokaryotes: Proteobacteria: Gamma Subclass: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria Vol. 6 (3 ed.). Springer. ISBN 038725496X.
^Koki Horikoshi; Garabed Antranikian; Alan T. Bull; Frank T. Robb; Karl O. Stetter (2011). Extremophiles Handbook Vol. 1. Springer. ISBN 978-4431538974.
^Korneev, KV; Kondakova, AN; Arbatsky, NP; Novototskaya-Vlasova, KA; Rivkina, EM; Anisimov, AP; Kruglov, AA; Kuprash, DV; Nedospasov, SA; Knirel, YA; Drutskaya, MS (December 2014). "Distinct biological activity of lipopolysaccharides with different lipid A acylation status from mutant strains of Yersinia pestis and some members of genus Psychrobacter". Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 79 (12): 1333–8. doi:10.1134/S0006297914120062. PMID 25716726. S2CID 2948187.
Psychrobacter urativorans is a Gram-negative, aerobic, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was first isolated from frozen package of...
Psychrobacter piscatorii is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, psychrotolerant, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was...
Psychrobacter sanguinis is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from human blood in New York. LPSN...
Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from...
Psychrobacter faecalis is an aerobic, Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore forming bacillus initially isolated from a bioaerosol...
Psychrobacter glaciei is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which has been isolated from the ice core...
Psychrobacter arenosus is a Gram-negative, psychrotolerant, aerobic, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from coastal sea...
Psychrobacter pasteurii is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and on-motile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter. Parte, A.C. "Psychrobacter". LPSN. "Psychrobacter...
Psychrobacter nivimaris is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, aerobic, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, isolated from the...
Psychrobacter cibarius is a Gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from jeotgal in Korea. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de...
Psychrobacter pocilloporae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which has been isolated from the coral Pocillopora...
Psychrobacter pulmonis is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was...
Psychrobacter oceani is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from a sample of marine...
Psychrobacter frigidicola is a psychrophilic, oxidase-positive, halotolerant, Gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which was...
Psychrobacter salsus is a gram-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from the fast ice in the middle of Géologie...
Psychrobacter aquaticus is a Gram-negative, psychrophilic, halotolerant, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which was isolated from the McMurdo...
Psychrobacter maritimus is a Gram-negative, aerobic oxidase- and catalase-positive, nonpigmented, non-spore-forming, nonmotile bacterium of the genus...
Psychrobacter aquimaris is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which was isolated from the South Sea in...
Psychrobacter adeliensis is a gram-negative bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which was isolated from fast ice in the middle of the Géologie Archipelago...
genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from the faeces of a seal in Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Psychrobacter lutiphocae...
Psychrobacter pygoscelis is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Psychrobacter which has been isolated from the trachea of a penguin...
Psychrobacter aestuarii is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which was isolated from...
Psychrobacter jeotgali is a species of bacteria named after jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood, where it was first isolated. It is a Gram-negative...
Psychrobacter ciconiae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from the stork Ciconia ciconia. LPSN lpsn...
Psychrobacter alimentarius is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter which was isolated from squid jeotgal...
Psychrobacter pacificensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, catalase- and oxidase-positive, psychrophilic, nonmotile bacterium of the genus...
Psychrobacter namhaensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated...
Psychrobacter celer is a Gram-negative, slightly halophilic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated from...
Psychrobacter glacincola is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, halotolerant, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Psychrobacter, which was isolated...
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