Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals after World War I information
Attempts to try war criminals following World War I
After World War I, the effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals was taken up by the Paris Peace Conference (1919) and ultimately included in the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) with the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government organized a series of courts martial in 1919–1920 to prosecute war criminals, but these failed on account of political pressure. The main effort by the Allied administration that occupied Constantinople fell short of establishing an international tribunal in Malta to try the so-called Malta exiles, Ottoman war criminals held as POWs by the British forces in Malta. In the end, no tribunals were held in Malta.[1]
Taner Akçam states that protecting war criminals from prosecution became a key priority of the Turkish nationalist movement.[2] According to European Court of Human Rights judge Giovanni Bonello the suspension of prosecutions, the repatriation and release of Turkish detainees was amongst others a result of the lack of an appropriate legal framework with supranational jurisdiction, because following World War I no international norms for regulating war crimes existed. The release of the Turkish detainees was accomplished in exchange for 22 British prisoners held by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[1][3]
Since there were no international laws in place under which they could be tried, the men who orchestrated the Armenian genocide escaped prosecution and traveled relatively freely throughout Germany, Italy, and Central Asia.[4] This led to the formation of Operation Nemesis, a covert operation conducted by Armenians during which Ottoman political and military figures who fled prosecution were assassinated for their role in the Armenian genocide.[5]
^ abBonello 2008.
^Akcam, Taner (21 August 2007). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. Macmillan. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-8050-8665-2.
^Turkey's EU Minister, Judge Giovanni Bonello and the Armenian Genocide – 'Claim About Malta Trials Is Nonsense'. The Malta Independent. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2013
^Power, Samantha. "A Problem from Hell", p. 16-17. Basic Books, 2002.
^Bartrop, Paul R.; Jacobs, Steven Leonard (2014). Modern Genocide. ABC-CLIO. p. 89. ISBN 978-1610693646.
and 24 Related for: Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals after World War I information
War crimes trials afterWorldWarI include: Leipzig war crimes trials, held in 1921 to try alleged German warcriminalsProsecutionofOttomanwar criminals...
During WorldWarI (1914–1918), belligerents from both the Allied Powers and Central Powers violated international criminal law, committing numerous war crimes...
National Movement, after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in WorldWarI. The conflict was between the Turkish...
Opposition to WorldWarI was widespread during the conflict and included socialists, anarchists, syndicalists and Marxists as well as Christian pacifists...
This is a list of convicted warcriminals found guilty ofwar crimes under the rules of warfare as defined by the WorldWar II Nuremberg Trials (as well...
systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during WorldWarI. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress...
denazification program in Germany led to the prosecutionof Nazi warcriminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy...
The Bosnian War (Serbo-Croatian: Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini / Рат у Босни и Херцеговини) was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and...
Mesopotamia—mainly against the Ottoman Empire—and one battalion fought alongside the Japanese Army in China during the Siege of Tsingtao. The war also posed problems...
First Balkan War (1912–13), WorldWarI (1914–18), and WorldWar II (1939–45). The Albanian revolt of 1912 in Kosovo resulted in the Ottoman Empire agreeing...
The Croatian Warof Independence was an armed conflict fought from 1991 to 1995 between Croat forces loyal to the Government of Croatia—which had declared...
American Revolutionary War, the American Civil War, WorldWarI, WorldWar II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The fourth incarnation of the draft came into...
result of the movement of helicopters." Electrical power is scarce in post-war Iraq, Bahrani reported, and some fragile artifacts, including the Ottoman Archive...
mandate dependency created in the peace agreements afterWorldWarI from the former territory of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq. The Cyprus Regiment was formed by...
The Leipzig war crimes trials were held in 1921 to try alleged German warcriminalsof the First WorldWar before the German Reichsgericht (Supreme Court)...
The Reichstag inquiry into guilt for WorldWarI was a parliamentary committee in Weimar Germany that was tasked with investigating the events that had...
Spanish Civil War, and WorldWar II. In 1911, Italy went to war with the Ottoman Empire and invaded Ottoman Tripolitania. One of the most notorious incidents...
inferior race. The WorldWarI legacy, as well as the opposition of a group of nationalists to the unification into a common state of South Slavs, influenced...
Global Information