For implementations or proposals that are described as a flat tax, see Flat tax.
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A proportional tax is a tax imposed so that the tax rate is fixed, with no change as the taxable base amount increases or decreases. The amount of the tax is in proportion to the amount subject to taxation.[1] "Proportional" describes a distribution effect on income or expenditure, referring to the way the rate remains consistent (does not progress from "low to high" or "high to low" as income or consumption changes), where the marginal tax rate is equal to the average tax rate.[2][3]
It can be applied to individual taxes or to a tax system as a whole; a year, multi-year, or lifetime. Proportional taxes maintain equal tax incidence regardless of the ability-to-pay and do not shift the incidence disproportionately to those with a higher or lower economic well-being. [4]
Although a proportional tax is sometimes called a flat tax,[5] flat taxes are in fact only one type of proportional tax that offer particular deductions. Therefore, they fall under the same category as proportional taxes.[6] Flat taxes are defined as levying a fixed (“flat”) fraction of taxable income. A flat tax is a tax with a single rate on the taxable amount, after accounting for any deductions or exemptions from the tax base. It is not necessarily a fully-proportional tax. They usually exempt from taxation household income below a statutorily determined level that is a function of the type and size of the household. As a result, such a flat marginal rate is consistent with a progressive average tax rate.
A progressive tax is a tax in which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. The term “progressive” describes a distribution effect on income or expenditure, referring to the way the rate progresses from low to high, where the average tax rate is less than the marginal tax rate.[7][8][9] The opposite of a progressive tax is a regressive tax, where the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases. Because there is an inverse relationship between the tax rate and the taxpayer's ability to pay as determined by assets, consumption, or income, regressive taxes place a greater burden (relative to resources) on the poor than on the rich in terms of individual income and wealth.[10]
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 proclaims:
A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means.[11]
^Sommerfeld, Ray M., Silvia A. Madeo, Kenneth E. Anderson, Betty R. Jackson (1992), Concepts of Taxation, Dryden Press: Fort Worth, TX
^Hyman, David M. (1990) Public Finance: A Contemporary Application of Theory to Policy, 3rd, Dryden Press: Chicago, IL
^James, Simon (1998) A Dictionary of Taxation, Edgar Elgar Publishing Limited: Northampton, MA
^ [1]16.3: Progressive, Proportional, and Regressive Taxes. (2018, January 1). Social Sci LibreTexts.
^[2]Kagan, J. (2021, April 26). What Is a Proportional Tax? Investopedia.
^Cambridge Dictionary. (2024, April 24), Proportional tax.
^Webster (4b): increasing in rate as the base increases (a progressive tax)
^American Heritage Archived 2009-02-09 at the Wayback Machine (6). Increasing in rate as the taxable amount increases.
^Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Tax levied at a rate that increases as the quantity subject to taxation increases.
^ [3]16.3: Progressive, Proportional, and Regressive Taxes. (2018, January 1). Social Sci LibreTexts.
^[4] Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789 at Yale Law School's Avalon Project
A proportionaltax is a tax imposed so that the tax rate is fixed, with no change as the taxable base amount increases or decreases. The amount of the...
proportionaltax. Implementations are often progressive due to exemptions, or regressive in case of a maximum taxable amount. There are various tax systems...
area under a proportional line. For a progressive tax (for example, where higher income tax units pay a greater fraction of their income as tax), the Suits...
higher tax burden. Lower purchasing power of consumers may lead to a failure of some businesses. Lump-sum tax Progressive taxProportionaltaxTax incidence...
The state personal income tax is a progressive tax while the municipal income tax is a proportionaltax above a certain income level. The types and levels...
total tax base. = t i . {\displaystyle ={\frac {t}{i}}.} In a proportionaltax, the tax rate is fixed and the average tax rate equals this tax rate. In...
are pooled and taxed jointly, but at a lower rate to offset the effects of tax progression. Either a progressive or proportional income tax is levied by...
The Individual Income Tax in China (commonly abbreviated IIT) is administered on a progressive tax system with tax rates from 3 percent to 45 percent....
subject to the tax. Per unit tax, a tax charged proportionally to the amount sold, such as by cents per kilogram. Turnover tax, a tax on intermediate...
progressive tax is a tax in which the tax rate increases as the taxable amount increases. The term progressive refers to the way the tax rate progresses...
Geolibertarianism Georgism Land value tax List of taxes Market distortion OneTax Optimal taxProportionaltax Single tax parties: Henry George Justice Party (Australia)...
tax Excess burden of taxation Hall-Rabushka flat tax Land value tax Optimum tariff Pigovian tax Progressive taxProportionaltax Single taxTaxable income...
the proportionaltax method in which the income is charged at a single rate regardless of income. This taxation method is also known as flat taxes. Horizontal...
create a proportionaltax on all incomes. The only result is the creation in 1896 of a tax on incomes from the stock exchange. Before 1914, taxes mainly...
financial instruments for a certain period. China currently adopts a proportionaltax rate of 20% for passive income and unearned income, which does not...
spending on the social safety net, while simultaneously promoting income-proportionaltax reform policies to reduce deficits. It calls for active government...
An excise, or excise tax, is any duty on manufactured goods that is normally levied at the moment of manufacture for internal consumption rather than...
Tax withholding, also known as tax retention, pay-as-you-earn tax or tax deduction at source, is income tax paid to the government by the payer of the...
liability, so they have to pay taxes only from their incomes in Ukraine. Individual income tax in Ukraine is proportionaltax. It can be 0%, 5%, 9%, 18% and...
types of taxes: corporate tax, individual income tax, and sales tax, including VAT and GST and capital gains tax, but does not list wealth tax or inheritance...
income tax system levies a proportionaltax rate on all net income (capital, wage, and pension income minus deductions) combined with progressive tax rates...
Tax evasion is an illegal attempt to defeat the imposition of taxes by individuals, corporations, trusts, and others. Tax evasion often entails the deliberate...
alphabetically, with total tax revenue as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) for the listed countries. The tax percentage for each country...
A capital gains tax (CGT) is the tax on profits realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset. The most common capital gains are realized from the sale...
A tax credit is a tax incentive which allows certain taxpayers to subtract the amount of the credit they have accrued from the total they owe the state...