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Presbyterianism is a Reformed (Calvinist) Protestant tradition named for its form of church government by representative assemblies of elders.[2] Though there are other Reformed churches that are structurally similar, the word Presbyterian is applied to churches that trace their roots to the Church of Scotland or to English Dissenter groups that formed during the English Civil War.[3]
Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ. Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707,[4] which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America, mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants. The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the Reformed theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there is a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. Local congregations of churches which use Presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation (elders), a conciliar approach as with other levels of decision-making (presbytery, synod, and general assembly). There are roughly 75 million Presbyterians in the world.[5]
The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Reformation of the 16th century, the example of John Calvin's Republic of Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches that trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scottish immigrants, Scots-Irish immigrants, and also from New England communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon Plan of Union of 1801 for frontier areas.[6]
- ^ "Burning Bush | Presbyterian Church Ireland". Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ "What Is Presbyterianism?". Ligonier Ministries. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ Benedict, Philip (2002). Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. xiv. ISBN 978-0-300-10507-0.
- ^ "Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707". The National Archives. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ "Who Are Presbyterians and What Do They Believe?". Learn Religions. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ Mark J Englund-Krieger (2015). The Presbyterian Mission Enterprise: From Heathen to The Partner. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-1-63087-878-8. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.