For the infectious proteins, see Prion. For the chemical pollutants, see Chlorofluorocarbon.
In particle physics, preons are hypothetical point particles, conceived of as sub-components of quarks and leptons.[1] The word was coined by Jogesh Pati and Abdus Salam, in 1974. Interest in preon models peaked in the 1980s but has slowed, as the Standard Model of particle physics continues to describe physics mostly successfully, and no direct experimental evidence for lepton and quark compositeness has been found. Preons come in four varieties: plus, anti-plus, zero, and anti-zero. W bosons have six preons, and quarks and leptons have only three.
In the hadronic sector, some effects are considered anomalies within the Standard Model. For example, the proton spin puzzle, the EMC effect, the distributions of electric charges inside the nucleons, as found by Hofstadter in 1956,[2][3] and the ad hoc CKM matrix elements.
When the term "preon" was coined, it was primarily to explain the two families of spin-1/2 fermions: quarks and leptons. More recent preon models also account for spin-1 bosons, and are still called "preons". Each of the preon models postulates a set of fewer fundamental particles than those of the Standard Model, together with the rules governing how those fundamental particles combine and interact. Based on these rules, the preon models try to explain the Standard Model, often predicting small discrepancies with this model and generating new particles and certain phenomena which do not belong to the Standard Model.
^
D'Souza, I.A.; Kalman, C.S. (1992). Preons: Models of Leptons, Quarks and Gauge Bosons as Composite Objects. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1019-9.
^Hofstadter, Robert (1 July 1956). "Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure". Reviews of Modern Physics. 28 (3): 214–254. Bibcode:1956RvMP...28..214H. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.28.214.
^Hofstadter, R.; Bumiller, F.; Yearian, M.R. (1 April 1958). "Electromagnetic Structure of the Proton and Neutron" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 30 (2): 482–497. Bibcode:1958RvMP...30..482H. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.30.482. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-23.
In particle physics, preons are hypothetical point particles, conceived of as sub-components of quarks and leptons. The word was coined by Jogesh Pati...
a condensate of up, down, and strange quarks) § Preon stars (speculative material composed of preons, which are hypothetical particles and "building blocks"...
[citation needed] A preon star is a proposed type of compact star made of preons, a group of hypothetical subatomic particles. Preon stars would be expected...
most fundamental of these are normally called preons, which is derived from "pre-quarks". In essence, preon theory tries to do for the Standard Model what...
The Harari–Shupe preon model (also known as rishon model, RM) is the earliest effort to develop a preon model to explain the phenomena appearing in the...
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Several preon models have been proposed to address the unsolved problem concerning the fact that there are three generations of quarks and leptons. Preon models...
Stellar black hole Compact star Exotic star Boson star Electroweak star Preon star Strange star Quark star *Miller, J. C.; Shahbaz, T.; Nolan, L. A. (1998)...
PreonVM is an implementation of the Java virtual machine developed by Virtenio. The PreonVM was initially developed to run on the Atmel AVR ATmega256...
SGR Hypothetical Blue dwarf Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black hole star Black Hawking Quasi-star...
SGR Hypothetical Blue dwarf Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black hole star Black Hawking Quasi-star...
mechanism, extra spatial dimensions (such as the Randall–Sundrum models), Preon theory, combinations of these, or other ideas. A third major effort in theoretical...
existence. Preon star: currently a hypothetical type of neutron star composed of preon matter. As of 2018, there is no evidence for the existence of preons. Black...
Possibilities range from large objects like MACHOs (such as black holes and Preon stars) or RAMBOs (such as clusters of brown dwarfs), to new particles such...
Magnetar Pulsar Thorne–Żytkow object (hypothet.) Planck star (hypothet.) Preon star (hypothet.) Quark star (hypothet.) Strange star (hypothet.) White dwarf...
model posit the existence of preons as fundamental building blocks of quarks and leptons, which could hypothetically form preon stars. These hypothetical...
SGR Hypothetical Blue dwarf Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black hole star Black Hawking Quasi-star...
language, spoken in West Timor helon, in physics, a proposed form of the preon theoretical sub-quark particle Helon (Chinese: 恒天海龙) – see List of companies...
and the resulting quark stars, strange stars (a type of quark star), and preon stars, if they exist, would, for the most part, be indistinguishable from...
SGR Hypothetical Blue dwarf Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black hole star Black Hawking Quasi-star...
oscillation. Electroweak force Chiral anomaly Sphaleron Quark nova Quark star Preon star Lepton Quark Degenerate matter Degeneracy pressure Shiga, D. (4 January...
Graviphoton Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons...
SGR Hypothetical Blue dwarf Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black hole star Black Hawking Quasi-star...
Negev), archaeological site located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Gaza Preon, theoretical component of quarks Maon (bug), a planthopper in the Eurybrachidae...
SGR Hypothetical Blue dwarf Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black hole star Black Hawking Quasi-star...
SGR Hypothetical Blue dwarf Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black hole star Black Hawking Quasi-star...
SGR Hypothetical Blue dwarf Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black hole star Black Hawking Quasi-star...
Graviphoton Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons...
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