Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), theorized in the 1970s, occurs when a pregnant woman uses cocaine and thereby exposes her fetus to the drug. Babies whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant supposedly have increased risk of several different health issues during growth and development.[1]
"Crack baby" was a term coined to describe children who were exposed to crack cocaine as fetuses; the concept of the crack baby emerged in the US during the 1980s and 1990s in the midst of a crack epidemic.[2] Other terms are "cocaine baby" and "crack kid". Early studies reported that people who had been exposed to crack in utero would be severely emotionally, mentally, and physically disabled; this belief became common in the scientific and lay communities.[2] Fears were widespread that a generation of crack babies was going to put severe strain on society and social services as they grew up. Later studies failed to substantiate the findings of earlier ones that PCE has severe disabling consequences; these earlier studies had been methodologically flawed (e.g. with small sample sizes and confounding factors). Scientists have come to understand that the findings of the early studies may have been overstated.[2] Commentators have characterized the phenomenon as a moral panic.[3][4]
No specific disorders or conditions have been found to result for people whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant.[5] Studies focusing on children of six years and younger have not shown any direct, long-term effects of PCE on language, growth, or development as measured by test scores.[6] PCE also appears to have little effect on infant growth.[7]
However, PCE is associated with premature birth, birth defects, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other conditions. The effects of cocaine on a fetus are thought to be similar to those of tobacco, and are less severe than those of alcohol.[8] No scientific evidence has shown a difference in harm to a fetus between crack and powder cocaine.[9]
PCE is very difficult to study because it very rarely occurs in isolation; usually it coexists with a variety of other factors, which may confound a study's results.[6] Thus, studies have failed to clearly show that PCE has negative cognitive effects, partly because such effects may be due to concurrent factors.[10] Pregnant mothers who use cocaine, often use other drugs in addition, or they may be malnourished and lacking in medical care. Children in households where cocaine is abused are at risk of violence and neglect, and those in foster care may experience problems due to unstable family situations. Factors such as poverty that are frequently associated with PCE have a much stronger influence on children's intellectual and academic abilities than does exposure to cocaine in isolation.[11] Thus, researchers have had difficulty in determining which effects result from PCE and which result from other factors in the children's histories.
^Cite error: The named reference Ross15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcCite error: The named reference NPR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Crack Babies, Moral Panic, and the Criminalization of Behavior During Pregnancy (From New War on Drugs: Symbolic Politics and Criminal Justice Policy, P 107-121, 1998, Eric L. Jensen and Jurg Gerber, eds. -- See NCJ-170568) | Office of Justice Programs". www.ojp.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
^"Opinion | Slandering the Unborn". The New York Times. 2018-12-28. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
^Cite error: The named reference Lamy10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Ackerman10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Goldberg 2009, p. 228. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldberg2009 (help)
^Cite error: The named reference Okie09Encouraging was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Lavoie07 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Konijnenberg15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Lambert12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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