Global InformationPopular Mobilization Forces information
| Popular Mobilization Forces | |
|---|---|
| الحشد الشعبي al-Ḥashd ash-Shaʿbī | |
 Flag of the Popular Mobilization Forces | |
| Active | 15 June 2014 – present[1] |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Branch | Paramilitary[2] |
| Role | Counter-insurgency Raiding Urban warfare |
| Size | 230,000[3] |
| Part of | Iraqi Armed Forces[4][5] |
| Engagements |
|
| Website | al-hashed.gov.iq |
| Commanders | |
| Leaders | Falih Al-Fayyadh (Chairman of Popular Mobilization Committee) See Structure |
| Notable fighters | Abu Azrael Abu Tahsin al-Salihi |
| Insignia | |
| Patch |  |
| Spokesman | Ahmed Al Asadi |
| Dates of operation | 15 June 2014–present[1] |
| Group(s) | See Structure |
| Headquarters | Baghdad |
| Active regions | International In Syria: Aleppo Governorate Deir ez-Zor Governorate |
| Ideology | Factions: Shia Islamism Islamic unity[6][7] Anti-Sunnism[8][9] Anti-West[10] Anti-LGBT[11] |
| Allies | State allies
Non-state allies
|
| Opponents | State opponents
Non-state opponents
|
| Designated as a terrorist group by | Certain pro-Iran militant groups only:
|
The Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) (Arabic: قوات الحشد الشعبي, romanized: Quwwāt al-Ḥashd ash-Shaʿbī),[35] also known as the People's Mobilization Committee (PMC) and the Popular Mobilization Units (PMU),[36] is an Iraqi state-sponsored umbrella organization composed of approximately 67 different armed factions, with around 230,000 fighters that are mostly Shia Muslim groups, but also include Sunni Muslim, Christian, and Yazidi groups.[37][38][39][40] The Popular Mobilization Units as a group was formed in 2014 and have fought in nearly every major battle against ISIL.[41] Many of its main militias, in particular the Shias, trace their origins to the "Special Groups", Iranian-sponsored Shi'ite groups which previously fought an insurgency against the United States and the Coalition forces, as well as a sectarian conflict against Sunni Jihadist and Ba'athist insurgents.[37][42] It has been called the new Iraqi Republican Guard after it was fully reorganized in early 2018 by its then–Commander in Chief Haider al-Abadi, Prime Minister of Iraq from 2014 to 2018, who issued "regulations to adapt the situation of the Popular Mobilization fighters".[43]
Some of its component militias which are pro-Iran are considered terrorist groups by some states, while others have been accused of promoting sectarian violence.[44][45][46] Pro-Iran organizations in PMF include the Badr Organisation, Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq, Kata'ib Hezbollah, Kata’ib al-Imam Ali, Saraya Khorasani, etc.[47] During the 2019–2021 Iraqi protests, the pro-Iran factions of PMF organisation were responsible for killing and wounding large numbers of protesters and activists.[48][49][50][51][52] Pro-Iran paramilitary factions in the PMF have been engaged in political and ideological conflicts with pro-Sistani and Sadrist PMF factions, and their increasing rivalry has erupted into violent clashes.[53][54] This schism had caused pro-Iran factions to leave the PMF[failed verification] and form the Islamic Resistance in Iraq.[55][56]
- ^ a b al Khadimi, Mustafa (12 March 2015). "Will Sistani be able to control popular mobilization forces?". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
- ^ "More Than Militias: Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces Are Here to Stay". warontherocks.com. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
- ^ "The Iraqi militias are copying their overmighty cousins in Iran". The Economist. 8 June 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ Mamouri, Ali (July 2, 2019). "Iraq orders militias to fully integrate into state security forces". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on December 1, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
- ^ Mamouri, Ali (July 8, 2019). "Shiite militias react angrily to decree integrating them into Iraqi forces". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
- ^ "The Sunnis of Iraq's "Shia" Paramilitary Powerhouse". THE CENTURY FOUNDATION. 20 February 2020.
- ^ Derszi-Horvath, Gaston, Saleh, Andras, Erica, Bahra (16 August 2017). "Who's Who: Quick Facts About Local and Sub-State Forces". Global Public Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Abdulrazaq, Tallha (2023-01-05). "The Iraq Report: Missing Sunnis an admission of 'war crimes'". The New Arab. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ "2.2. Sunni Arabs". European Union Agency for Asylum. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ "Part 2: Pro-Iran Militias in Iraq". Wilson Center. April 27, 2018. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ "Militants use social media to lure, kill gay Iraqi men". 24 September 2016. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "10 معلومات قد لا تعرفها عن قوات الباسيج الإيرانية". 28 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-08-16. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "These Funky North Korean Guns Are Turning Up Everywhere". War is Boring. 1 December 2016 – via Medium.com.
- ^ "المالكي يكشف تفاصيل جديدة عن سقوط الموصل ويسمي دولتين "فتحت الخزين" - اوروك نيوز". Archived from the original on 2020-07-02. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
- ^ "روسيا تجهز فصائل الحشد الشعبي باسلحة متطورة لمواجهة القوات التركية – ALJOURNAL NEWS – وكالة اخبار الجورنال". www.aljournal.com.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "المهندس يكشف دور ايران وحزب الله بدعم العراق ويتحدث عن القتال بسوريا". Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- ^ "المالكي وصناعة مليشيات العراق.. دور أساسي يكشفه أحد المنشقين | الخليج أونلاين". Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
- ^ "تنسيق بين قسد والميليشيات العراقية على الحدود السورية (فيديو)". أورينت نت. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
- ^ "الإعلاميّ العراقيّ عبد الأمير العبودي: من حقّ ائتلاف 14 فبراير أن يكون لديه مكاتب سياسيّة". 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ "معسكرات ائتلاف 14 فبراير.. مخطط إرهابي إيراني يستهدف أمن البحرين عبر العراق". Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
- ^ "الحشد الشعبي يكشف حقيقة ارساله قوات خاصة للمشاركة في حرب اليمن". Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
- ^ "العراق و معسكرات تدريب مخربي البحرين و السعودية". 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "Baghdad, Erbil to finalize new Sinjar security plan". Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- ^ "Iraq Blasts Alleged Israeli Air Strike in Syria on Forces 'Fighting ISIS'". Haaretz. June 19, 2018. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ ""الطريقة النقشبندية بالعراق":جيش الطريقة حمي أهل السنة من إرهاب ميلشيات الحشد الشعبى". امان. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
- ^ < "سليماني يقود "الحشد الشعبي" على الحدود العراقية – السورية - صحيفة الاتحاد". Al-Ittihad.
- ^ Rivera, Esteban (2019-06-04) [15 November 2014]. "Syrian Islamic Front (Syria)". Flags of the World. CRW Flags. Archived from the original on 2020-04-28. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
- ^ "بالصور..اكتشاف أنفاق خلال حملة ضد الرايات البيض في طوزخورماتو - قناة العالم الاخبارية". www.alalam.ir. Archived from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
- ^ "Ansar al Islam claims first attack in Iraq since 2014 | FDD's Long War Journal". 31 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ "Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)". Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
- ^ Lawrence, John (26 May 2015). "Iraq Situation Report: May 23–25, 2015". understandingwar.org. Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2015. See paragraph 5 of the report.
- ^ "مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية. | WAM". November 17, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-11-17.
- ^ "カタイブ・ヒズボラ（KH） | 国際テロリズム要覧（Web版） | 公安調査庁". March 2, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-03-02.
- ^ "Iraq: Legislating the Status of the Popular Mobilization Forces". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
- ^ Pike, John. "Hashd al-Shaabi / Hashd Shaabi / Popular Mobilisation Units / People's Mobilization Forces". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ^ a b "Islamic State: The caliphate strikes back". The Economist. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Carnegie28Apr17was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Who's Who: Quick Facts About Local and Sub-State Forces". www.gppi.net. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
- ^ "زيادة أعداد عناصر الحشد الشعبي في العراق "تقلق" البعض.. لماذا؟ | Irfaasawtak". www.irfaasawtak.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-09-10.
- ^ El-Ghobashy, Tamer; Salim, Mustafa (2017-12-15). "Top Iraqi Shiite cleric calls for scaling back militia influence, backing prime minister". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2017-12-17. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ O'Connor, Tom (March 9, 2018). "Iran-backed militias officially join Iraqi military and threaten U.S. troops". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Parker Landay 2016was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ al-Khadhimi, Mustafa (22 December 2014). "Iraqi volunteers' victories don't justify atrocities". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
- ^ "Iraq's Abadi in high-stakes plan to rein in Iranian-backed militias". The Jerusalem Post. 2018-01-04. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
- ^ Derszi-Horvath, Gaston, Saleh, Andras, Erica, Bahra (16 August 2017). "Who's Who: Quick Facts About Local and Sub-State Forces". Global Public Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Arraf, Jane (2021-09-18). "'There Is Chaos': Iran-Backed Militias Battle Activists in a Holy Iraqi City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ "Iraq: HRW denounces lethal force against protesters, urges probe". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ "Exclusive: Iran-backed militias deployed snipers in Iraq protests – sources". Reuters. 2019-10-17. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ "Pro-Iran militia supporters converge on Baghdad protests". the Guardian. 2019-12-05. Archived from the original on 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ "The Ongoing Assassinations of Iraqi Activists". The Washington Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ Mansour, A Jabar, Renad, Faleh (28 April 2017). "The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq's Future". Carnegie Middle East Center. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Berg, Bateman, Raffi, Tom (30 August 2022). "Iraq: At least 23 dead amid fighting after Moqtada al-Sadr quits". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dana Taib Menmy; Oliver Mizzi (8 November 2023). "Who is the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the mysterious group attacking US and Israeli targets over Gaza?". The New Arab.
- ^ "Iran Update, November 3, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-12.