In 1948 Toms discovered by experiments that the addition of a small amount of polymer into a turbulent Newtonian solvent (parts per million by weight), which
results in a Non-Newtonian fluid solution, can reduce the skin frictional drag on a stationary
surface by up to 80% . This technology has been successfully
implemented to reduce pumping cost for oil pipelines, to increase the flow rate in
fire fighting equipment and to help irrigation and drainage (Sellin & Ollis, 1980;
Khalil et al., 2002). It also has potential applications in the design of ship and submarine
hulls to achieve an increased speed and reduced energy cost.
and 13 Related for: Polymer turbulence drag reduction information
Mitra D, Pandit R. Manifestations of dragreduction by polymer additives in decaying, homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. Physical review letters. 2006. [1]...
Drag-reducing agents (DRA) or drag-reducing polymers (DRP) are additives in pipelines that reduce turbulence in a pipe. Usually used in petroleum pipelines...
wetted surface of the hull. It is, however, a problem for mixing polymers, because turbulence is needed to distribute fine filler (for example) through the...
result of fluid viscosity in the boundary layer. Higher turbulence causes greater frictional drag. Reynolds number (Re) is the measure of the relationships...
easier, but induces extreme turbulence. The gates are usually attached to the bottom of the casting to minimize turbulence and splashing. The gating system...
panels, whether polymer or otherwise, can be more efficient, particularly at low solar irradiance levels. Some early selectively coated polymer collectors...
or Continental Winter Tyres using very flat wheel covers to minimize turbulence. The engine block was also made from a light alloy, so even though it...
similar to the system used on the B-2 bomber, improves ride quality during turbulence. The 787 has a "fly-by-wire" control system similar in architecture to...
some dispersion along the path of the fluid, which may be attributed to turbulence, a non-uniform velocity profile, or diffusion. If the mean of the distribution...
occurs passively as a result of both ocean currents and wind-induced water turbulence; however, male gametes of centric diatoms have flagella, permitting active...
chaotic turbulence, though water velocity tends to be highest in the middle part of the stream channel (known as the thalveg). This turbulence results...
current collected by a grid sphere compared to the mass and dragreduction can be estimated. The drag per unit of collected current for a grid sphere with a...
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