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A poll tax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources.[1]Poll is an archaic term for "head" or "top of the head". The sense of "counting heads" is found in phrases like polling place and opinion poll.[2]
Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century. In the United Kingdom, poll taxes were levied by the governments of John of Gaunt in the 14th century, Charles II in the 17th and Margaret Thatcher in the 20th century. In the United States, voting poll taxes (whose payment was a precondition to voting in an election) have been used to disenfranchise impoverished and minority voters (especially after Reconstruction).[3]
Many economists brand poll taxes as regressive, putting a disproportionate tax burden on low-income people: for example, a $100 tax on an income of $10,000 is a 1% tax rate, while $100 tax on a $500 income is 20%. Its acceptance or "neutrality" depends on the balance between the tax demanded and the resources of the population. Low amounts generally go unnoticed, while high amounts may generate tax revolts such as the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England and the 1906 Bambatha Rebellion against colonial rule in South Africa.[4][5]
^"poll tax". Oxford World Encyclopedia. Philip's. 2004. ISBN 9780199546091.
^Moon, Nick (1999). Opinion Polls: History, Theory and Practice. Manchester University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-7190-4224-0.
^Franklin, John Hope (1961). Reconstruction After the Civil War. U. of Chicago Press. pp. 127–151. OCLC 5845934.
^"Peasants' Revolt". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
^Hennop, Jan (9 June 2006). "SA to mark historic Zulu rebellion". Independent Online. Archived from the original on 12 July 2006.
A polltax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference...
The polltax riots were a series of riots in British towns and cities during protests against the Community Charge (commonly known as the "polltax"),...
A polltax is a tax of a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources. Although often associated...
The PollTax of 1379 was granted to the King by the lords, commoners and clergy of England in order to finance the Hundred Years' War. It was graduated...
Mulakkaram, literally translated as breast tax, was a polltax imposed on women belonging to Nadar, Ezhava and other lower caste communities by the erstwhile...
polltax does not translate the Arabic word jizya, being also inaccurate in light of the exemptions granted to children, women, etc., unlike a poll tax...
can be applied to individual taxes or to a tax system as a whole; a year, multi-year, or lifetime. Polltaxes is a tax levied on individuals as a condition...
collected taxes on imports ("tariffs"), whiskey, and (for a while) on glass windows. States and localities collected polltaxes on voters and property taxes on...
The PollTax Ordinance of 1852 was passed by the British to win the support of the chiefs to compel the people of southern Ghana to pay a levy of one thousand...
The Jewish polltax (Polish: pogłówne żydowskie) was a polltax imposed on Jews in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was later absorbed into the hiberna...
free men regardless of whether they own property, provided they pay a $1 polltax. Naturalized citizens are still not eligible to vote unless they own property...
The French PollTax of 1695 was established by King Louis XIV in order to finance the War of the League of Augsburg. The traditional methods of war financing...
people and tens of thousands of poor white people through a combination of polltaxes, literacy and comprehension tests, and residency and record-keeping requirements...
Look up Poll, poll, polling, or polls in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Poll, a formal election Election verification...
meaning at first, the concepts of polltax and land tax existed early in Islamic history." Denner, Conversion and the PollTax, 3–10; Ajiaz Hassan Qureshi,...
known as a head tax, is a flat tax of a set dollar amount per person. As an example, we can look at the history of the USA, where polltax was introduced...
king, called Visti. This is a tax levied on individuals. There were two forms of the polltax. The first was a general tax was levied on every member of...
supposed to levy a polltax. Jizyah The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2010), Oxford University Press, Quote = Jizyah: Compensation. Polltax levied on non-Muslims...
minister, Major created the Citizen's Charter, removed the PollTax and replaced it with the Council Tax, committed British troops to the Gulf War, took charge...
Hatton, in the formation of the Militant tendency's policy regarding the PollTax in 1988–1991, and the Militant tendency's "Open Turn" from the Labour Party...
legislation to impose various voting restrictions, including literacy tests, polltaxes, property-ownership requirements, moral character tests, requirements...
tax or income tax is a tax imposed upon a person or property as distinct from a tax imposed upon a transaction, which is described as an indirect tax...
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