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Kombat, a photo of a Soviet political commissar of the 220th Infantry Regiment calling soldiers to an assault, Eastern Front, in Soviet Ukraine, 12 July 1942
In the military, a political commissar or political officer (or politruk, a portmanteau word from Russian: политический руководитель, romanized: politicheskiy rukovoditel; transl. political leader or political instructor) is a supervisory officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization of the unit to which they are assigned, with the intention of ensuring political control of the military.
The function first appeared as commissaire politique (political commissioner) or représentant en mission (representative on mission) in the French Revolutionary Army during the French Revolution (1789–1799).[1] Political commissars were heavily used within the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). They also existed, with interruptions, in the Soviet Red Army from 1918 to 1991, as well as in the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1943 to 1945 as Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere (national socialist leadership officers).
The function remains in use in China's People's Liberation Army, Taiwan's Republic of China Army, and Vietnam's People's Army. In fiction, The Hunt for Red October by Tom Clancy features the murder of the eponymous Soviet submarine's political officer (Zampolit) as the incident that sets Captain Ramius’ long-planned defection scheme in motion.
^R. Dupuy, Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine: La République jacobine (2005) p.156
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