Military action undertaken without a declaration of war
Dutch troops during Operation Kraai, a police action which took place during the Indonesian National Revolution in 1948.
In security studies and international relations, a police action is a military action undertaken without a formal declaration of war. In the 21st century, the term has been largely supplanted by "counter-insurgency".[1][2] Since World War II, formal declarations of war have been rare, especially military actions conducted by the Global North during the Cold War. Rather, nations involved in military conflict (especially the great powers) sometimes describe the conflict by fighting the war under the auspices of a "police action" to show that it is a limited military operation, different from total war.
The earliest use of the phrase dates back to 1883, describing attempts by Dutch and British forces to liberate the 28-man crew of the SS Nisero, who were held hostage in Sumatra.[3] The Dutch term politionele acties (police actions) was used for this. The Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Eleventh Edition called it in its 1933 issue; a localized military action undertaken without formal declaration of war by regular armed forces against persons (as guerrillas or aggressors) held to be violators of international peace and order.[4] It was also used to imply a formal claim of sovereignty by colonial powers, such as in the military actions of the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Western powers during conflicts such as the Indonesian National Revolution and the Malayan Emergency.[citation needed]
^Kitzen, Martijn (2012). "Between treaty and treason: Dutch collaboration with warlord Teuku Uma during the Aceh War, a case study on the collaboration with indigenous power-holders in colonial warfare". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 23: 93–116. doi:10.1080/09592318.2012.632859. S2CID 143733376. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
^Colonial Counterinsurgency and Mass Violence. The Dutch Empire in Indonesia, edited by Bart Luttikhuis and A. Dirk Moses
^"SS Nisero". Wrecksite. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
^Merriam-Webster (2004). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Eleventh Edition. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 9780877798095. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
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