In mathematics, a planar Riemann surface (or schlichtartig Riemann surface) is a Riemann surface sharing the topological properties of a connected open subset of the Riemann sphere. They are characterized by the topological property that the complement of every closed Jordan curve in the Riemann surface has two connected components. An equivalent characterization is the differential geometric property that every closed differential 1-form of compact support is exact. Every simply connected Riemann surface is planar. The class of planar Riemann surfaces was studied by Koebe who proved in 1910, as a generalization of the uniformization theorem, that every such surface is conformally equivalent to either the Riemann sphere or the complex plane with slits parallel to the real axis removed.
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In complex analysis, the Riemann mapping theorem states that if U {\displaystyle U} is a non-empty simply connected open subset of the complex number...
spaces by Riemann and led to what is known today as Riemannian geometry. The nineteenth century was the golden age for the theory of surfaces, from both...
geometry, the Klein quartic, named after Felix Klein, is a compact Riemannsurface of genus 3 with the highest possible order automorphism group for this...
whose symmetry group equals their automorphism group as Riemannsurfaces. The smallest Hurwitz surface is the Klein quartic (genus 3, automorphism group of...
of the rectangle and d − c is the height of the rectangle. Riemann could only use planar rectangles to approximate the area under the curve, because...
or the empty set and so that their union is a manifold. If a planar part of such a surface is not itself a convex polygon, O'Rourke requires it to be subdivided...
numbers, his most important results being on the uniformization of Riemannsurfaces in a series of four papers in 1907–1909. He did his thesis at Berlin...
area of study in the work of Bernhard Riemann in his study of Riemannsurfaces. Work in the spirit of Riemann was carried out by the Italian school of...
face of the polyhedral surface. By pulling the edges of the missing face away from each other, deform all the rest into a planar graph of points and curves...
a result of Osgood, Phillips, and Sarnak that the moduli space of Riemannsurfaces of a given genus does not admit a continuous isospectral flow through...
× S 1 . {\displaystyle D^{2}\times S^{1}.} A Klein surface is, as for Riemannsurfaces, a surface with an atlas allowing the transition maps to be composed...
Many theorems relating to planar conic sections also extend to spherical conics. If a sphere is intersected by another surface, there may be more complicated...
circle packing is a connected collection of circles (in general, on any Riemannsurface) whose interiors are disjoint. The intersection graph of a circle packing...
determining the minimal surface of revolution, the surface of revolution of the planar curve between two given points which minimizes surface area. Solutions...
conjecture Hodge conjecture Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness P versus NP Riemann hypothesis Yang–Mills existence and mass gap The seventh problem, the Poincaré...
flat plane has constant curvature 0, these two surfaces are not isometric, not even locally. Thus any planar representation of even a small part of a sphere...
Greek σφαιρικά) is the geometry of the two-dimensional surface of a sphere or the n-dimensional surface of higher dimensional spheres. Long studied for its...
products with a finite continued fraction Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function. Euler–Maclaurin formula (Euler's summation formula) relating...
geometer Nikolai Lobachevsky. This page is mainly about the 2-dimensional (planar) hyperbolic geometry and the differences and similarities between Euclidean...